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- Arbeitsbereich Biopsychologie, Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie (3)
- Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik (2)
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- Institut für Umweltwissenschaften (2)
- Arbeitsbereich Diagnostik, Differentielle und Persönlichkeitspsychologie, Methodik und Evaluation (1)
- Arbeitsbereich Kognitive Psychologie (1)
- Institut für Psychologie (1)
Many pharmaceuticals (e.g. antibiotics, contrast media, beta blockers) are excreted unmetabolized and enter wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) through the domestic sewage system. Research has shown that many of them are not effectively removed by conventional wastewater treatment and therefore are detected in surface waters. Reverse osmosis (RO) is one of the most effective means for removing a wide range of micropollutants in water recycling. However, one significant disadvantage is the need to dispose the resultant RO concentrate. Due to the fact that there are elevated concentrations of micropollutants in the concentrate, a direct disposal to surface water could be hazardous to aquatic organisms. As a consequence, further treatment of the concentrate is necessary. In this study, ozonation was investigated as a possible treatment option for RO concentrates. Concentrate samples were obtained from a RO-membrane system which uses municipal WWTP effluents as feeding water to produce infiltration water for artificial groundwater recharge. In this study it could be shown that ozonation is efficient in the attenuation of selected pharmaceuticals, even in samples with high TOC levels (46 mg C/L). Tests with chlorinated and non-chlorinated WWTP effluent showed an increase of ozone stability, but a decrease of hydroxyl radical exposure in the samples after chlorination. This may shift the oxidation processes towards direct ozone reactions and favors the degradation of compounds with high apparent second order rate constants. Additionally it might inhibit an oxidation of compound predominantly reacting with OH radicals. Ozone reaction kinetics were investigated for beta blockers (acebutolol, atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol) which are permanently present in WWTP effluents. For beta blockers two moieties are common which are reactive towards ozone, a secondary amine group and an activated aromatic ring. The secondary amine is responsible for a pH dependence of the direct ozone reaction rate, since only the deprotonated amine reacts very quickly. At pH 7 acebutolol, atenolol and metoprolol reacted with ozone with an apparent second order rate constant of about 2000 M-1 s-1, whereas propranolol reacted at ~1.0 105 M-1 s-1. The rate constants for the reaction of the selected compounds with OH radicals were determined to be 0.5-1.0 x 1010 M-1 s-1. Oxidation products (OPs) formed during ozonation of metoprolol and propranolol were identified via liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry. Ozonation led to a high number of OPs being formed. Experiments were carried out in MilliQ-water at pH 3 and pH 8 as well as with and without the radical scavenger tertiary butanol (t-BuOH). This revealed the influence of pH and the OH radical exposure on OP formation. The OH radical exposure was determined by adding the probe compound para-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA). Metoprolol: To define the impacts of the protonated and non protonated metoprolol species on OH radical formation, the measured pCBA attenuation was compared to modeled values obtained by a simplified kinetic model (Acuchem). A better agreement with the measured results was obtained, when the model was based on a stoichiometric formation of OH radical precursors (O2-) during the primary ozone reaction of metoprolol. However, for reaction of a deprotonated molecule (attack of the aromatic ring) a formation of O2- could be confirmed, but an assumed stoichiometric O2- formation over-estimated the formation of OH radicals in the system. Analysis of ozonated raw wastewater and municipal WWTP effluent spiked with 10 μM metoprolol exhibited a similar OP formation pattern as detected in the reaction system at pH 8 without adding radical scavenger. This indicated a significant impact of OH radical exposure on the formation of OPs in real wastewater matrices. Propranolol: The primary ozonation product of propranolol (OP-291) was formed by an ozone attack of the naphthalene ring, which resulted in a ring opening and two aldehyde moieties being formed. OP-291 was further oxidized to OP-307, presumably by an OH radical attack, which was then further oxidized to OP-281. Reaction pathways via ozone as well as OH radicals were proposed and confirmed by the chemical structures identified with MS2 and MS3 data. It can be concluded that ozonation of WWTP effluent results in the formation of a high number of OPs with an elevated toxic potential (i.e. formation of aldehydes).
The research described in this thesis was designed to yield information on the impact of particle-bound pesticides on organisms living in the interface between sediment and water column in a temporarily open estuary (TOCEs). It was hypothesized that natural variables such as salinity and temperature and anthropogenic stressors such as particle-bound pesticides contribute to the variability of the system. A multiple line of evidence approach is necessary due to the variability in sediment type, contaminant distribution and spatial and temporal variability within the ecosystem in particular within TOCEs. The first aim of this thesis was to identify which particle-bound pesticides are important to the contamination of the Lourens River estuary (Western Cape, South Africa), taking into account their environmental concentrations, physico-chemical and toxicological properties (Exposure assessment). The second aim was to identify spatial and temporal variations in particle bound pesticide contamination, natural environmental variables and benthic community structure (effect assessment). The third aim was to test the hypothesis: "does adaptation to fluctuating salinities lead to enhanced survival of the harpacticoid copepod Mesochra parva when exposed to a combination of particle associated chlorpyrifos exposure and hypo-osmotic stress during a 96 h sediment toxicity test?" The last aim was to identify the driving environmental variables (including natural and anthropogenic stressors) in a "natural" (Rooiels River) compared to a "disturbed" (Lourens River) estuary and to identify if and how these variables change the benthic community structure in both estuaries. Data produced in this research thus provide important information to understand the impact of pesticides and its interaction with natural variables in a temporarily open estuary. To summarise, this study indicated, by the use of the multi-evidence approach, that the pesticides endosulfan and chlorpyrifos posed a risk towards benthic organisms in a temporarily open estuary in particular during spring season. Furthermore an important link between pesticide exposure/ toxicity and salinity was identified, which has important implications for the management of temporarily open estuaries.
Abstract The present work investigates the wetting characteristics of soils with regard to their dependence on environmental parameters such as water content (WC), pH, drying temperature and wetting temperature of wettable and repellent soils from two contrasting anthropogenic sites, the former sewage disposal field Berlin-Buch and the inner-city park Berlin-Tiergarten. The aim of this thesis is to deepen the understanding of processes and mechanisms leading to changes in soil water repellency. This helps to gain further insight into the behaviour of soil organic matter (SOM) and identifying ways to prevent or reduce the negative effects of soil water repellency (SWR). The first focus of this work is to determine whether chemical reactions are required for wetting repellent samples. This hypothesis was tested by time and temperature dependence of sessile drop spreading on wettable and repellent samples. Additionally, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy was used to determine whether various drying regimes cause changes in the relative abundance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional groups in the outer layer of soil particles and whether these changes can be correlated with water content and the degree of SWR. Finally, by artificially altering the pH in dried samples applying acidic and alkaline reagents in a gaseous state, the influence of only pH on the degree of SWR was investigated separately from the influence of changes in moisture status. The investigation of the two locations Buch and Tiergarten, each exceptionally different in the nature of their respective wetting properties, leads to new insights in the variety of appearance of SWR. The results of temperature, water content and pH dependency of SWR on the two contrasting sites resulted in one respective hypothetical model of nature of repellency for each site which provides an explanation for most of the observations made in this and earlier studies: At the Tiergarten site, wetting characteristics are most likely determined by micelle-like arrangement of amphiphiles which depends on the concentration of water soluble amphiphilic substances, pH and ionic strength in soil solution. At low pH and at high ionic strength, repulsion forces between hydrophilic charged groups are minimized allowing their aggregation with outward orientated hydrophobic molecule moieties. At high pH and low ionic strength, higher repulsion forces between hydrophilic functional groups lead to an aggregation of hydrophobic groups during drying, which results in a layer with outward oriented hydrophilic moieties on soil organic matter surface leading to enhanced wettability. For samples from the Buch site, chemical reactions are necessary for the wetting process. The strong dependence of SWR on water content indicates that hydrolysis-condensation reactions are the controlling mechanisms. Since acid catalyzed hydrolysis is an equilibrium reaction dependent on water content, an excess of water favours hydrolysis leading to an increasing number of hydrophilic functional groups. In contrast, water deficiency favours condensation reactions leading to a reduction of hydrophilic functional groups and thus a reduction of wettability. The results of the present investigation and its comparison with earlier investigations clearly show that SWR is subject to numerous antagonistically and synergistically interacting environmental factors. The degree of influence, which a single factor exerts on SWR, is site-specific, e.g., it is dependent on special characteristics of mineral constituents and SOM which underlies the influence of climate, soil texture, topography, vegetation and the former and current use of the respective site.
Auf der Basis originaler Krankenakten von schizophrenen Frauen aus Heil- und Pflegeanstalten wurden die Einstellungen und Verhaltensdispositionen der Anstaltspsychiater hinsichtlich der praktischen Umsetzung des Gesetzes zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses untersucht. Im Zentrum der retrospektiven Studie standen die Fragen: (1) nach der institutionsbezogenen und organisatorischen Umsetzung des Gesetzes zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses durch die Anstaltspsychiater der Heil- und Pflegeanstalten. (2) nach dem Einfluss der nationalsozialistisch gelenkten eugenischen Gesundheitspolitik auf die ärztlichen Einstellungen und das ärztliche Entscheidungsverhalten hinsichtlich der Beantragung einer Zwangssterilisation bei schizophrenen Patientinnen. (3) nach der Anwendung eines klinischen Diagnoseschemas und der Untersuchung und Dokumentation von Nachweisen zur Erblichkeit der Schizophrenie bei der Diagnose- und Antragsstellung. (4) nach den selektiven ärztlichen Entscheidungsprozessen im Zusammenhang mit der Antragstellung auf Unfruchtbarmachung auf der Basis der ärztlichen Dokumentationen in den Krankenakten und den erhobenen sozialanamnestischen Daten. (5) nach dem weiteren Krankheitsverlauf und möglichen Auswirkungen des Zwangseingriffs bei den zwangssterilisierten Patientinnen. (6) nach dem Umfang von Wiedergutmachungsverfahren in der Nachkriegszeit für die von der Zwangssterilisation betroffenen Frauen.
This thesis deals with the verbal categories tense and aspect in the context of analysing the English perfect. The underlying notion of time is examined from the viewpoint of etymology and from the viewpoint of fields of knowledge that lie outside the immediate scope of temporal semantics, e.g. mathematics. The category tense is scrutinised by discussing the concept of Reichenbach tense and the concept of correlation (Giering). The starting point of the discussion of the category verbal aspect is the dichotomy perfective vs. imperfective in the Slavic languages. The main part about the perfect is concerned with the possessive perfect as a cross-linguistic phenomenon (including a comparison of the English and the Slavic perfect) and focuses on the usage and the meaning of the English present perfect. There are three appendices which are an integral part of this dissertation. Appendix A deals with the systematization of English verb forms and their graphical representation. Three different visualizations are presented, two of which are genuine to this paper. Appendix B reproduces the target setting according to which an animated visualization of English infinitives was programmed. Appendix C represents a synopsis of approaches to the English perfect in grammars and textbooks.
Within this thesis time evaluated predicate/transition nets (t-pr/t-nets) have been developed for the purpose to model, simulate and verify complex real-time systems. Therefore, t-pr/t-nets integrate concepts to model timing constraints and can be analysed by the means of structural analysis such as the calculation of s- and t-invariants as well as the identification of traps and co-traps. The applicability of t-pr/t-nets to model, simulate and verify complex systems in the domain of safety-critical real-time systems is proven by the Earliest-Deadline-First-Protocol (EDF) and the Priority-Inheritance-Protocol (PIP). Therefore, the EDF and PIP are modeled by means of t-pr/t-nets. The resulting t-pr/t-nets are verified using structural analysis methods. Due to the enormous complexity and the applicability of structural analysis methods for the verification of the EDF and PIP, it can be shown that t-pr/t-nets are appropriate to model, simulate and verify complex systems in the field of safety-critical real-time systems.
Entwicklung eines Computermodells der lumbalen Wirbelsäule zur Bestimmung mechanischer Belastungen
(2009)
Ziel der Arbeit war die Erstellung eines MKS-Modells der menschlichen lumbalen Wirbelsäule zur Ermittlung der mechanischen Belastungen innerer Körperstrukturen. Die Oberflächen der Wirbelkörper wurden aus CT-Daten menschlichen Sektionsguts als CAD-Oberflächen generiert und bilden das Grundgerüst des Modells. Die genaue Positionierung des Facettengelenke ist dabei vorgegeben ebenso wie die Ansatzpunkte und Verlaufsrichtungen der ligamentösen Strukturen. Zwischen den starren Wirbelkörpern wurden elastische Bandscheiben eingeführt, deren Mittelpunkte als jeweiliges Drehzentrum der entsprechenden funktionalen Einheiten definiert sind. Damit sind gleichzeitig die Hebelarme zu den Ansatzpunkten der einzelnen Bänder festgelegt. Das mechanische Verhalten dieser verschiedenen Strukturen wurde über physiologische Gleichungen oder Kennlinien in das Modell implementiert. So wurde für die Facettengelenke ein Ansatz für Kontaktkräfte in horizontaler Richtung eingeführt. Für die Kraftentwicklung bei Dehnung der Bänder fanden individuelle Kennlinien aus der Literatur Verwendung. Bei der Deformation der Bandscheiben folgt die Kraftentwicklung einer mechanischen Relation in Abhängigkeit der Deformation sowie der Deformationsgeschwindigkeit. Die entsprechenden Materialkonstanten in den Gleichungen wurden über experimentelle Messdaten aus der Literatur ermittelt. Dem Aufbau von Drehmomenten bei Auslenkung der Bandscheiben um die drei möglichen Rotationsachsen liegen wiederum Kennlinien aus der Literatur zugrunde. In Anpassung an diese experimentell ermittelten Kurven wurden mechanische Gleichungen entwickelt, die letztendlich in das Modell implementiert wurden und die bei jeweiliger Verdrehung der Bandscheibe die Entwicklung eines entsprechenden Moments angeben. Die Validierung des Modells erfolgt auf der einen Seite über die Gleichgewichtsbedingung, bei der die Summe aller Kräfte und Drehmomente bezüglich des Schwerpunkts einer funktionalen Einheit Null sein muss. Dieser Zustand konnte mit dem Modell eindeutig nachgewiesen werden. Auf der anderen Seite konnten punktuell Messergebnisse aus der Literatur über die Modellrechnungen in guter Näherung reproduziert werden. Hier besteht jedoch die Schwierigkeit, dass Messungen an Sektionsgut immer nur in isoliertem Zustand und in einem definierten Versuchsaufbau mit Belastung nur einer Richtung durchgeführt wurden. Innerhalb des Modells befinden sich die Strukturen in einem beweglichen Verbund und unterliegen damit vielfältigen mechanischen Einflüssen, was der Realität im menschlichen Körper auch wesentlich mehr entspricht. Dennoch spiegelt das Materialverhalten der elastischen Elemente innerhalb des Modells größenordnungsmäßig die Ergebnisse der verschiedensten experimentellen Messungen aus der Literatur wider. Zur Simulation unterschiedlicher Belastungssituationen wurde das Modell der Lendenwirbelsäule in verschiedenen Fallbeispielen der Einwirkung einer jeweils konstanten äußeren Kraft unterschiedlicher Größe ausgesetzt. Nach einer kurzen Phase der Bewegung aller Teilstrukturen stellte sich in jedem gerechneten Fallbeispiel ein neuer Gleichgewichtszustand ein. Für alle implementierten Strukturen, wie Bandscheiben, Bänder und Facettengelenke, konnte der zeitliche Verlauf der Belastungszunahme sowie die Belastung im Endzustand berechnet werden. Eine Überprüfung ergab, dass sich alle Ergebnisse im physiologisch gesunden Wertebereich befanden. Damit ist der Nachweis erbracht, dass mit dem vorliegenden Modell ein Instrument entwickelt wurde, das im Rahmen der Genauigkeit des Modells die Belastung der inneren Strukturen bei äußerer Krafteinwirkung zuverlässig berechnet werden können. Die Anwendungen eines derartigen Modells sind vielfältiger Art. Durch Variationen von Parametern können die verschiedensten Situationen simuliert werden. Beispiele sind hier die Auswirkung von degenerierten Bandscheiben mit völlig anderem Materialverhalten auf die umgebenden gesunden Teilstrukturen. Weitere Krankheitsbilder wie schwache Bänder, Wirbelgleiten, Knochenveränderungen oder auch der Einfluss von operativen Maßnahmen wie Versteifung einzelner Abschnitte oder die Einsetzung von Implantaten können damit simuliert werden und ermöglichen quantitative Aussagen über die Veränderung der Beanspruchung der angrenzenden Strukturen. Als Beispiel einer Anwendung in der Medizin wurde der Fall einer degenerierten Bandscheibe aufgezeigt. Die Bandscheibe wurde chirurgisch entfernt und durch ein Implantat zur Versteifung ersetzt. Mit Hilfe der Simulationsrechnung wurde die Auswirkung der Versteifung auf die Deformation der angrenzenden Bandscheiben und die veränderte Kraftentwicklung dargelegt.
Over the last three decades researchers of Cognitive Metaphor Theory have shown conclusively that metaphor is motivated rather than arbitrary and often used to systematically map out conceptual territory. This cognitive semantic proposal holds the potential for alternative L2 teaching strategies. As an abstract domain, business discourse is naturally rich in metaphors and is additionally filled with consciously used metaphorical language to strategically manipulate clients and business partners. Business English courses especially stand to profit from metaphor-oriented language teaching, as (future) managers aim to quickly improve their language performance to be prepared for international business communication. In using metaphors, speakers as well as hearers conceptualize and thus experience one thing in terms of another. Having been made aware of the conceptual linkage, students are immediately equipped with a whole set of vocabulary they may already have learned for a concrete domain and are then able to elaborate in the more abstract area of business discourse. Enhanced metaphor awareness may thus prove to be a valuable vehicle for vocabulary acquisition as well as for vocabulary retention. This thesis is subdivided into ten chapters. With each successive chapter, the focus will increasingly sharpen on the main hypothesis that metaphor awareness raising and explicit teaching in the business English classroom assists the students to dip into their savings' and transfer already acquired vocabulary to abstract business discourse and thus to become more proficient business communicators. After an introduction to the main objectives, chapter two critically looks at the different strands of Cognitive Linguistic contributions to metaphor theory made within the last three decades and discusses the structure, function and processing of figurative language to single out relevant aspects of the language classroom applications. Chapter three narrows the perspective to the socio-economic discourse as the very target domain in focus and surveys the conceptual metaphors that have been identified for this target domain, namely the source domains most productive for the target and therefore most valuable for the language classroom. In chapter four Cognitive Linguistic findings are put in contact with language didactics; i.e., the Cognitive Linguistic basis is discussed in the context of language teaching and learning theories and a first classification of metaphor teaching in the theoretical framework of language didactics is proposed. Ten cornerstones summarize the theoretical output of the previous chapters and the respective didactic consequences are considered. Theories of cognitive psychology pertaining to noticing, processing, and storing metaphors are systematically revisited and expanded to formulate further didactic implications for metaphor teaching. The consequences drawn from both linguistic as well as didactic theory are translated into a list of ten short guidelines identifying essentials for the explicit integration of metaphors into the language classroom. In chapter five those experimental studies that have already been conducted in the field of Cognitive Linguistic-inspired figurative language teaching are systematically summarized and possible contributions to set up a didactic framework for metaphor teaching are investigated. Chapters six to nine then present a piece of original research. Starting out from five research questions tackling receptive and productive vocabulary acquisition and retention as well as the influence of and on the learner- level of language proficiency, a three-fold study was designed and conducted in a regular business English classroom and results are discussed in detail. The last chapter deals again with specific implications for teaching. Earlier statements about and claims for the language classroom are revisited and refined on the basis of the theoretical linguistic, didactic and empirical findings, and an agenda for further empirical investigations is sketched out.
This work is about three subjects: Virtualisation, real-time computing and parallel computing. Taken by itself, each of these subjects has already been wellresearched, however, when considering all three together, as is necessary when looking at embedded systems, numerous questions as well as new possibilities arise. In this work we develop models describing the behaviour and requirements of real-time applications which execute in a hierarchy of processes as they do when running in a virtual machine. Also, the real-time capabilities of existing virtual machines are evaluated and new interfaces for virtualisation of multiprocessor machines which take into account the characteristics of embedded systems"specifically real-time computing" are defined, implemented and tested. This enables safe, secure and efficient coexistence of programs with largely differing time constraints within separate virtual machines on a single, common multiprocessor computer.
Software is vital for modern society. The efficient development of correct and reliable software is of ever-growing importance. An important technique to achieve this goal is deductive program verification: the construction of logical proofs that programs are correct. In this thesis, we address three important challenges for deductive verification on its way to a wider deployment in the industry: 1. verification of thread-based concurrent programs 2. correctness management of verification systems 3. change management in the verification process. These are consistently brought up by practitioners when applying otherwise mature verification systems. The three challenges correspond to the three parts of this thesis (not counting the introductory first part, providing technical background on the KeY verification approach). In the first part, we define a novel program logic for specifying correctness properties of object-oriented programs with unbounded thread-based concurrency. We also present a calculus for the above logic, which allows verifying actual Java programs. The calculus is based on symbolic execution resulting in its good understandability for the user. We describe the implementation of the calculus in the KeY verification system and present a case study. In the second part, we provide a first systematic survey and appraisal of factors involved in reliability of formal reasoning. We elucidate the potential and limitations of self-application of formal methods in this area and give recommendations based on our experience in design and operation of verification systems. In the third part, we show how the technique of similarity-based proof reuse can be applied to the problems of industrial verification life cycle. We address issues (e.g., coping with changes in the proof system) that are important in verification practice, but have been neglected by research so far.