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Die Verwendung physiologischer Indikatoren, welche die Reaktion von Organismen auf Veränderungen ihrer Umwelt widerspiegeln, bietet ein großes Potenzial für ökologische Studien. Durch die Analyse des physiologischen Zustandes von Organismen ermöglichen diese Indikatoren eine schnellere Erfassung von Veränderungen in aquatischen Ökosystemen als es durch die Betrachtung ökologischer Indikatoren, wie z. B. der Struktur der Benthosgemeinschaft oder des Reproduktionserfolges einzelner Arten, möglich ist. Dieser Zeitvorteil kann sowohl die Effektivität der Habitatbewertung als auch experimenteller Studien in der aquatischen Ökologie erhöhen. In diesem Zusammenhang konzentriert sich die vorliegende Arbeit auf physiologische Messgrößen, wie die Konzentration von Energiespeicherstoffen, den zellulären Energiestatus (Adenylate Energy Charge) oder die Stoffwechselaktivität in vivo, die den energetischen Zustand oder den aktuellen Energieverbrauch von Organismen charakterisieren, sowie auf das RNA:DNA-Verhältnis als Wachstumsindikator. Obwohl diese Indikatoren in der marinen Ökologie, und in jüngerer Zeit auch in der Ökotoxikologie, regelmäßig verwendet werden, haben sie in der limnischen Ökologie bisher wenig Anwendung gefunden. Um die Anwendung physiologischer Indikatoren in diesem Bereich zu verstärken verfolgt die Dissertation zwei Ziele. Zum einen verdeutlicht sie das Potenzial der einzelnen physiologischen Indikatoren, zum anderen stellt sie Grundlagenwissen zu ausgewählten ökophysiologischen Aspekten einheimischer und gebietsfremder Arten der Ordnung Amphipoda bereit, die als Schlüsselarten aquatischer Lebensräume als besonders geeignet für die Bestimmung physiologischer Indikatoren angesehen werden. In diesem Sinne werden in Kapitel 2 sowohl die grundlegenden Annahmen, als auch die theoretischen und methodischen Grundlagen für die Bestimmung physiologischer Indikatoren aufgezeigt und ihre Anwendbarkeit in Fallstudien verdeutlicht. Die durchgeführten Experimentalstudien (Kapitel 3−5) liefern Informationen zu (i) den art- und geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschieden in der saisonalen Variation des energetischen Zustandes natürlicher Gammarus Populationen (G. fossarum, G. pulex), (ii) den Unterschieden in der Stoffwechsel- und Bewegungsaktivität verschiedener Amphipoda-Arten (G. fossarum, G. roeselii und D. villosus), sowie (iii) den direkten Auswirkungen von Ammoniak auf die Physiologie und die Bewegungsaktivität von D. villosus. In Kapitel 6 werden abschließend die grundlegenden Schlussfolgerungen aus den durchgeführten Feld- und Laborstudien, sowie ihre Relevanz und Auswirkungen für die Anwendung physiologischer Indikatoren in der limnischen Ökologie diskutiert.
The output of eye tracking Web usability studies can be visualized to the analysts as screenshots of the Web pages with their gaze data. However, the screenshot visualizations are found to be corrupted whenever there are recorded fixations on fixed Web page elements on different scroll positions. The gaze data are not gathered on their fixated fixed elements; rather they are scattered on their recorded scroll positions. This problem has raised our attention to find an approach to link gaze data to their intended fixed elements and gather them in one position on the screenshot. The approach builds upon the concept of creating the screenshot during the recording session, where images of the viewport are captured on visited scroll positions and lastly stitched into one Web page screenshot. Additionally, the fixed elements in the Web page are identified and linked to their fixations. For the evaluation, we compared the interpretation of our enhanced screenshot against the video visualization, which overcomes the problem. The results revealed that both visualizations equally deliver accurate interpretations. However, interpreting the visualizations of eye tracking Web usability studies using the enhanced screenshots outperforms the video visualizations in terms of speed and it requires less temporal demands from the interpreters.
Introduction:
In March 2012 a secessionist-Islamist insurgency gained momentum in Mali and quickly took control of two-thirds of the state territory. Within weeks radical Islamists, drug smugglers and rebels suddenly ruled over a territory bigger than Germany. News of the abuse of the population and the introduction of harsh Sharia law spread soon, and word got out that the Malian Army had simply abandoned the land. The general echo of the IC was surprise, a reaction that was, as this research will show, as unfunded as it was unconstructive*. When Malian state structures collapsed, the world watched in shock, even though the developments couldhave been anticipated –and prevented. Ultimately, the situation had to be resolved by international forces (most notably French troops), who are still in Mali at the time of writing (Arieff 2013a: 5; Lohmann 2012: 3; Walther and Christopoulos 2015: 514f.; Shaw 2013: 204; Qantara, Interview, 2012;L’Express, Mali, 2015; Deutscher Bundestag, MINUSMA und EUTM Mali, 2016; UN, MUNISMA, 2016; Boeke and Schuurmann 2015: 801; Chivvis 2016: 93f.).
This research will show that the developments in Mali in 2012 have been developing for a long time and could have been avoided. In doing so, it will also show why state security can never be analyzed or consolidated in an isolated manner. Instead, it is necessary to take into account regional dynamics and developments in order to find a comprehensive approach to security in individual states. Once state failure occurs, not only does the state itself fail, but the surrounding region equally failed to prevent the failure.
Weak states are a growing concern in many world regions, particularly in Africa. As international intervention often proves unsustainable for various reasons*, the author believes that states which cannot stabilize themselves need a regional agent to support them. This regional agent should be a Regional Security Complex (RSC) asdefined by Barry Buzan and Ole Waever (Buzan and Waever 2003). As the following analysis will show, Mali is a case in point. The hope is that this study will help avoid similar failures in the future by making a strong case for the establishment of RSC’s.
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Mapping ORM to TGraph
(2017)
Object Role Modeling (ORM) is a semantic modeling language used to describe objects and their relations amongst each other. Both objects and relations may be subject to rules or ORM constraints.
TGraphs are ordered, attributed, typed and directed graphs. The type of a TGraph and its components, the edges and vertices, is defined using the schema language graph UML (grUML), a profiled version of UML class diagrams. The goal of this thesis is to map ORM schemas to grUML schemas in order to be able to represent ORM schema instances as TGraphs.
Up to this point, the preferred representation for ORM schema instances is in form of relational tables. Though mappings from ORM schemas to relational schemas exist, those publicly available do not support most of the constraints ORM has to offer.
Constraints can be added to grUML schemas using the TGraph query language GReQL, which can efficiently check whether a TGraph validates the constraint or not. The graph library JGraLab provides efficient implementations of TGraphs and their query language GReQL and supports the generation of grUML schemas.
The first goal of this work is to perform a complete mapping from ORM schemas to grUML schemas, using GReQL to sepcify constraints. The second goal is to represent ORM instances in form of TGraphs.
This work gives an overview of ORM, TGraphs, grUML and GReQL and the theoretical mapping from ORM schemas to grUML schemas. It also describes the implementation of this mapping, deals with the representation of ORM schema instances as TGraphs and the question how grUML constraints can be validated.
Das Internet der Dinge – Internet of Things (IoT) – ist kürzlich der entfernten Vision des Ubiquitous Computing entwachsen und findet nunmehr konkret Eingang in Politik und Wirtschaft, welches sich in aufwendigen Förderprogrammen äußert. Unternehmen sehen sich mit dem von Experten vorhergesagten, gravierenden Wandel von Geschäftsmodellen konfrontiert und müssen darauf reagieren, um im Wettbewerb bestehen zu können. Obgleich daher ein Bedarf zur Strategieentwicklung bezüglich der kommenden Veränderungen in Unternehmen besteht, ist das Thema des organisationsbezogenen Wandels in Hinblick auf die neue Technologie in der akademischen Diskussion derzeit noch wenig präsent. Die vorliegende Arbeit erforscht IoT-verknüpften Wandel in Unternehmen, indem sie un- terschiedliche Arten des Wandels identifiziert und klassifiziert. Sie kombiniert zu diesem Zweck den methodischen Ansatz der gegenstandsbezogenen Theoriebildung (Grounded Theory) mit einer Diskussion und Klassifikation von identifizierten Veränderungen vor dem Hintergrund eines strukturierten Literaturüberblicks im Bereich des Wandels in Organisationen. Diesbezüglich erfolgt eine Meta-Analyse von Fallstudien mittels einer qualitativ-explorativen Kodierungs-Methode zur Identifizierung von Kategorien des organisationsbezogenen Wandels, welcher mit der Einführung von IoT in Verbindung steht. Darüber hinaus wird eine Gegenüberstellung der identifizierten Kategorien mit vorherigem technologie-verknüpftem Wandel am Beispiel von Electronic Business (e-business), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)-Systemen und Customer Relationship Management (CRM)-Systemen durchgeführt. Den Hauptbeitrag dieser Arbeit stellt die Entwicklung eines umfassenden Modells von organisationsbezogenem Wandel bezüglich IoT dar. Das Modell präsentiert zwei Hauptthemen des Wandels, welche nahe legen, dass persönliche, intelligente Objekte Unternehmen dadurch verändern werden, dass vermehrt personen-gebundene, mobile Geräte zum Einsatz kommen. Objekte schlagen ihren Nutzern Tätigkeiten oder den gesamten Arbeitsablauf vor und versuchen gefährliche Situationen zu vermeiden. Gleichzeitig wird die Verfügbarkeit von Informationen im Unternehmen bis zur ubiquitären Präsenz steigen. Dies wird es letztlich ermöglichen, Informationen bezüglich Objekten und Personen jederzeit und an jedem Ort zu nutzen. Als Nebenergebnis gibt die vorliegende Arbeit einen Überblick über Konzepte der wissenschaftlichen Literatur im Bereich technologie-verknüpften Wandels in Organisationen.
The European weatherfish (Misgurnus fossilis) is a benthic freshwater fish species belonging to the family Cobitidae, that is subjected to a considerable decline in many regions across its original distribution range. Due to its cryptic behavior and low economic value, the causes of threat to weatherfish remained partly unknown and the species is rarely at the center of conservation efforts. In order to address these concerns, the overall aim of the present thesis was to provide a comprehensive approach for weatherfish conservation, including the development of stocking measures, investigations on the species autecology and the evaluation of potential threats. The first objective was to devise and implement a regional reintroduction and stock enhancement program with hatchery-reared weatherfish in Germany. Within this program (2014-2016), a total number of 168,500 juvenile weatherfish were stocked to seven water systems. Recaptures of 45 individuals at two reintroduction sites supported the conclusion that the developed stocking strategy was appropriate. In order to broaden the knowledge about weatherfish autecology and thereby refining the rearing conditions and the selection of appropriate stocking waters, the second objective was to investigate the thermal requirements of weatherfish larvae. Here, the obtained results revealed that temperatures higher than previously suggested were tolerated by larvae, whereas low temperatures within the range of likely habitat conditions increased mortality rates. As weatherfish can be frequently found in agriculturally impacted waters (e.g. ditch systems), they are assumed to have an increased probability to be exposed to chemical stress. Since the resulting risk has not yet been investigated with a focus on weatherfish, the third objective was to provide a methodical foundation for toxicity testing that additionally complies with the requirements of alternative test methods. For this purpose, the acute fish embryo toxicity test was successfully transferred to weatherfish and first results exhibited that sensitivity of weatherfish towards a tested reference substance (3,4-dichloroaniline) was highest compared to other species. On the basis of these findings, the fourth objective was to apply weatherfish embryos for multiple sediment bioassays in order to investigate teratogenic effects derived from sediment-associated contaminants. In this context, weatherfish revealed particular sensitivity to water extractable substances, indicating that sediment contamination might pose a considerable risk. Moreover, as an endangered benthic fish species with high ecological relevance for European waters that are specifically exposed to hazardous contaminants, the weatherfish might be a prospective species for an ecological risk assessment of sediment toxicity. Overall, the present thesis contributed to the conservation of weatherfish by considering a variety of aspects that interact and reinforce one another in order to achieve improvements for the species situation.
This thesis explores the possibilities of probabilistic process modelling for the Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) systems in order to predict the behaviour of the users present in the CSCW system. Toward this objective applicability, advantages, limitations and challenges of probabilistic modelling are excavated in context of CSCW systems. Finally, as a primary goal seven models are created and examined to show the feasibilities of probabilistic process discovery and predictions of the users behaviour in CSCW systems.
Part-of-Speech tagging is the process of assigning words with similar grammatical properties to a part of speech (PoS). In the English language, PoS-tagging algorithms generally reach very high accuracy. This thesis undertakes the task to test against these accuracies in PoS-tagging as a qualitative measure in classification capabilities for a recently developed neural network model, called graph convolutional network (GCN). The novelty proposed in this thesis is to translate a corpus into a graph as a direct input for the GCN. The experiments in this thesis serve as a proof of concept with room for improvements.
The extensive literature in the data visualization field indicates that the process of creating efficient data visualizations requires the data designer to have a large set of skills from different fields (such as computer science, user experience, and business expertise). However, there is a lack of guidance about the visualization process itself. This thesis aims to investigate the different processes for creating data visualizations and develop an integrated framework to guide the process of creating data visualizations that enable the user to create more useful and usable data visualizations. Firstly, existing frameworks in the literature will be identified, analyzed and compared. During this analysis, eight views of the visualization process are developed. These views represent the set of activities which should be done in the visualization process. Then, a preliminary integrated framework is developed based on an analysis of these findings. This new integrated framework is tested in the field of Social Collaboration Analytics on an example from the UniConnect platform. Lastly, the integrated framework is refined and improved based on the results of testing with the help of diagrams, visualizations and textual description. The results show that the visualization process is not a waterfall type. It is the iterative methodology with the certain phases of work, demonstrating how to address the eight views with different levels of stakeholder involvement. The findings are the basis for a visualization process which can be used in future work to develop the fully functional methodology.
In scientific data visualization huge amounts of data are generated, which implies the task of analyzing these in an efficient way. This includes the reliable detection of important parts and a low expenditure of time and effort. This is especially important for the big-sized seismic volume datasets, that are required for the exploration of oil and gas deposits. Since the generated data is complex and a manual analysis is very time-intensive, a semi-automatic approach could on one hand reduce the time required for the analysis and on the other hand offer more flexibility, than a fully automatic approach.
This master's thesis introduces an algorithm, which is capable of locating regions of interest in seismic volume data automatically by detecting anomalies in local histograms. Furthermore the results are visualized and a variety of tools for the exploration and interpretation of the detected regions are developed. The approach is evaluated by experiments with synthetic data and in interviews with domain experts on the basis of real-world data. Conclusively further improvements to integrate the algorithm into the seismic interpretation workflow are suggested.