This study was conducted in Nyungwe National Park (NNP); a biodiversity hotspot Mountain rainforest of high conservation importance in Central Africa, but with little knowledge of its insect communities including butterflies, good indicators of climate change, and forest ecosystem health. The study aimed at availing baseline data on butterfly species diversity and distribution in NNP, for future use in monitoring climate change-driven shifts and the effects of forest fragmentation on the biodiversity of Nyungwe. Butterflies were collected seasonally using fruit-baited traps and hand nets along elevational transects spanning from 1700 m up to 2950 m of altitude. Two hundred forty-two species including 28 endemics to the Albertine Rift and 18 potential local climate change indicators were documented. Species richness and abundance declined with increasing elevation and higher seasonal occurrence was observed during the dry season. This was the first study on the spatial and temporal distribution of butterflies in NNP and further studies could be conducted to add more species and allow a depth understanding of the ecology of Nyungwe butterflies.

The term “Software Chrestomaty” is defined as a collection of software systems meant to be useful in learning about or gaining insight into software languages, software technologies, software concepts, programming, and software engineering. 101companies software chrestomathy is a community project with the attributes of a Research 2.0 infrastructure for various stakeholders in software languages and technology communities. The core of 101companies combines a semantic wiki and confederated open source repositories. We designed and developed an integrated ontology-based knowledge base about software languages and technologies. The knowledge is created by the community of contributors and supported with a running example and structured documentation. The complete ecosystem is exposed by using Linked Data principles and equipped with the additional metadata about individual artifacts. Within the context of software chrestomathy we explored a new type of software architecture – linguistic architecture that is targeted on the language and technology relationships within a software product and based on the megamodels. Our approach to documentation of the software systems is highly structured and makes use of the concepts of the newly developed megamodeling language MegaL. We “connect” an emerging ontology with the megamodeling artifacts to raise the cognitive value of the linguistic architecture.

World’s ecosystems are under great pressure satisfying anthropogenic demands, with freshwaters being of central importance. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment has identified anthropogenic land use and associated stressors as main drivers in jeopardizing stream ecosystem functions and the biodiversity supported by freshwaters. Adverse effects on the biodiversity of freshwater organisms, such as macroinvertebrates, may propagate to fundamental ecosystem functions, such as organic matter breakdown (OMB) with potentially severe consequences for ecosystem services. In order to adequately protect and preserve freshwater ecosystems, investigations regarding potential and observed as well as direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic land use and associated stressors (e.g. nutrients, pesticides or heavy metals) on ecosystem functioning and stream biodiversity are needed. While greater species diversity most likely benefits ecosystem functions, the direction and magnitude of changes in ecosystem functioning depends primarily on species functional traits. In this context, the functional diversity of stream organisms has been suggested to be a more suitable predictor of changes in ecosystem functions than taxonomic diversity. The thesis aims at investigating effects of anthropogenic land use on (i) three ecosystem functions by anthropogenic toxicants to identify effect thresholds (chapter 2), (ii) the organic matter breakdown by three land use categories to identify effects on the functional level (chapter 3) and (iii)on the stream community along an established land-use gradient to identify effects on the community level. In chapter 2, I reviewed the literature regarding pesticide and heavy metal effects on OMB, primary production and community respiration. From each reviewed study that met inclusion criteria, the toxicant concentration resulting in a reduction of at least 20% in an ecosystem function was standardized based on laboratory toxicity data. Effect thresholds were based on the relationship between ecosystem functions and standardized concentration-effect relationships. The analysis revealed that more than one third of pesticide observations indicated reductions in ecosystem functions at concentrations that are assumed being protective in regulation. However, high variation within and between studies hampered the derivation of a concentration-effect relationship and thus effect thresholds. In chapter 3, I conducted a field study to determine the microbial and invertebrate-mediated OMB by deploying fine and coarse mesh leaf bags in streams with forested, agricultural, vinicultural and urban riparian land use. Additionally, physicochemical, geographical and habitat parameters were monitored to explain potential differences in OMB among land use types and sites. Regarding results, only microbial OMB differed between land use types. The microbial OMB showed a negative relationship with pH while the invertebrate-mediated OMB was positively related to tree cover. OMB responded to stressor gradients rather than directly to land use. In chapter 4, macroinvertebrates were sampled in concert with leaf bag deployment and after species identification (i) the taxonomic diversity in terms of Simpson diversity and total taxonomic richness (TTR) and (ii) the functional diversity in terms of bio-ecological traits and Rao’s quadratic entropy was determined for each community. Additionally, a land-use gradient was established and the response of the taxonomic and functional diversity of invertebrate communities along this gradient was investigated to examine whether these two metrics of biodiversity are predictive for the rate of OMB. Neither bio-ecological traits nor the functional diversity showed a significant relationship with OMB. Although, TTR decreased with increasing anthropogenic stress and also the community structure and 26 % of bio-ecological traits were significantly related to the stress gradient, any of these shifts propagated to OMB. Our results show that the complexity of real-world situations in freshwater ecosystems impedes the effect assessment of chemicals and land use for functional endpoints, and consequently our potential to predict changes. We conclude that current safety factors used in chemical risk assessment may not be sufficient for pesticides to protect functional endpoints. Furthermore, simplifying real-world stressor gradients into few land use categories was unsuitable to predict and quantify losses in OMB. Thus, the monitoring of specific stressors may be more relevant than crude land use categories to detect effects on ecosystem functions. This may, however, limit the large scale assessment of the status of OMB. Finally, despite several functional changes in the communities the functional diversity over several trait modalities remained similar. Neither taxonomic nor functional diversity were suitable predictors of OMB. Thus, when understanding anthropogenic impacts on the linkage between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is of main interest, focusing on diversity metrics that are clearly linked to the stressor in question (Jackson et al. 2016) or integrating taxonomic and functional metrics (Mondy et al., 2012) might enhance our predictive capacity.

Traditional Driver Assistance Systems (DAS) like for example Lane Departure Warning Systems or the well-known Electronic Stability Program have in common that their system and software architecture is static. This means that neither the number and topology of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) nor the presence and functionality of software modules changes after the vehicles leave the factory. However, some future DAS do face changes at runtime. This is true for example for truck and trailer DAS as their hardware components and software entities are spread over both parts of the combination. These new requirements cannot be faced by state-of-the-art approaches of automotive software systems. Instead, a different technique of designing such Distributed Driver Assistance Systems (DDAS) needs to be developed. The main contribution of this thesis is the development of a novel software and system architecture for dynamically changing DAS using the example of driving assistance for truck and trailer. This architecture has to be able to autonomously detect and handle changes within the topology. In order to do so, the system decides which degree of assistance and which types of HMI can be offered every time a trailer is connected or disconnected. Therefore an analysis of the available software and hardware components as well as a determination of possible assistance functionality and a re-configuration of the system take place. Such adaptation can be granted by the principles of Service-oriented Architecture (SOA). In this architectural style all functionality is encapsulated in self-contained units, so-called Services. These Services offer the functionality through well-defined interfaces whose behavior is described in contracts. Using these Services, large-scale applications can be built and adapted at runtime. This thesis describes the research conducted in achieving the goals described by introducing Service-oriented Architectures into the automotive domain. SOA deals with the high degree of distribution, the demand for re-usability and the heterogeneity of the needed components. It also applies automatic re-configuration in the event of a system change. Instead of adapting one of the frameworks available to this scenario, the main principles of Service-orientation are picked up and tailored. This leads to the development of the Service-oriented Driver Assistance (SODA) framework, which implements the benefits of Service-orientation while ensuring compatibility and compliance to automotive requirements, best-practices and standards. Within this thesis several state-of-the-art Service-oriented frameworks are analyzed and compared. Furthermore, the SODA framework as well as all its different aspects regarding the automotive software domain are described in detail. These aspects include a well-defined reference model that introduces and relates terms and concepts and defines an architectural blueprint. Furthermore, some of the modules of this blueprint such as the re-configuration module and the Communication Model are presented in full detail. In order to prove the compliance of the framework regarding state-of-the-art automotive software systems, a development process respecting today's best practices in automotive design procedures as well as the integration of SODA into the AUTOSAR standard are discussed. Finally, the SODA framework is used to build a full-scale demonstrator in order to evaluate its performance and efficiency.

In der vorliegenden Untersuchung geht es um methodische Fragen der Unterrichtswahrnehmung aus Schülersicht. Dabei werden theoretische Ansätze zur Urteilsbildung aus der Klassenklima- und der kognitiv fundierten Survey-Forschung sowie der Forschung zur Interpersonalen Wahrnehmung diskutiert. Weiterhin werden Modelle zur inhaltlichen Interpretation von Aggregatmerkmalen (sogenannte Kompositionsmodelle) und zum Einfluss sogenannter "Halo"-Effekte berücksichtigt. Die relevanten Aspekte aus den genannten Theorien sowie empirische Befunde zum Einfluss von Fachleistung, Schulnote und Geschlecht auf die Beurteilung des Unterrichts werden in einem Modell zur Unterrichtswahrnehmung aus Schülersicht zusammengeführt. Daneben werden in der vorliegenden Untersuchung Möglichkeiten und Grenzen verschiedener statistischer Verfahren zur Analyse von Daten zur Wahrnehmung des Unterrichts aus Schülersicht aufgezeigt und diskutiert. Dabei geht es um Fragen der absoluten Übereinstimmung von Urteilern vs. der Interrater-Reliabilität. Weiterhin werden Grundlagen und Effekte von Verletzungen der Annahmen mehrebenenanalytischer konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalysen dargestellt, die im Rahmen einer Monte-Carlo-Studie überprüft werden. Datengrundlage der vorliegenden Untersuchung sind im Rahmen des Projekts DESI (Deutsch Englisch Schülerleistungen International) erhobene Fragebogendaten aus 330 Klassen bzw. Kursen der neunten Jahrgangsstufe, sowie im Längsschnitt erhobene Testleistungen in den Bereichen Deutsch und Englisch. Die Ergebnisse der Analysen bestätigen in großen Teilen das zugrunde gelegte theoretische Modell: Es zeigen sich hohe relative Übereinstimmungen der unterrichtsbezogenen Urteile von Schülerinnen und Schülern. Der Einfluss der Kommunikation mit Mitschülern auf die Urteilsbildung zeigt sich v.a. in der Gruppe der Mädchen. Die theoretischen Unterrichtsmerkmale lassen sich als Faktoren auf beiden Analyseebenen (innerhalb von Klassen und zwischen Klassen) nachweisen, wobei diese " bis auf wenige Ausnahmen " ebenen- sowie fachübergreifend nur im Sinne analoger und nicht "isomorpher" Konstrukte interpretierbar sind. Daneben finden sich deutliche Hinweise auf eine eher Lehrkraft- statt Unterrichtsfach-bezogene Wahrnehmung auf beiden Ebenen. Der Itemformulierung (Ich vs. Klassen-Bezug) kommt insgesamt betrachtet eine eher geringe Bedeutung zu. Bezüglich der Unterrichtswahrnehmungen finden sich Einflüsse der oben genannten Prädiktoren insbesondere auf der Ebene innerhalb von Klassen. Auf Klassenebene zeigt sich ein möglicher Einfluss einer "milden" Benotung auf die geteilte Unterrichtswahrnehmung. Die auf beiden Ebenen deutlichsten Effekte auf die Unterrichtswahrnehmung finden sich bei den Globalurteilen bezüglich der jeweiligen Lehrkraft. Zusammengenommen mit den extrem hohen Interkorrelationen der Faktoren innerhalb eines Fachs (die sich jeweils auf dieselbe Lehrkraft beziehen) und den " aufgrund von Effekten auf Schulebene etc. erwartungswidrigen " niedrigen bis nicht vorhandenen fachübergreifenden Interkorrelationen spricht dies in hohem Maße für eine Verzerrung der Unterrichtswahrnehmung im Sinne einer globalen Wahrnehmungstendenz. Die globale Wahrnehmung muss allerdings gleichzeitig überwiegend als Ergebnis von Unterrichtswahrnehmungen betrachtet werden: Hier zeigen sich die auf der Basis empirischer Untersuchungen theoretisch postulierten unterschiedlichen Gewichtungen der einzelnen Unterrichtsmerkmale über verschiedene Klassen hinweg.