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Increasingly, problematic smartphone use behavior (PSU) and excessive consumption are reported. In this study, an experiment was developed to investigate the influence of screen coloration using the grayscale setting on smartphone usage time in repeated measurements. We also investigated how individuals perceived suffering correlates with smartphone usage time and PSU, and whether differences exist by smartphone usage type (social, process, habitual). 240 subjects completed a questionnaire about smartphone usage time, PSU, perceived suffering, and smartphone usage types. Afterward, their smartphones were switched to grayscale setting for at least 24h, and thereafter 92 of these participants completed the second questionnaire. Analyses showed that grayscale setting decreases usage time and that there is a positive correlation between PSU, smartphone usage duration, and perceived suffering. The types of use (process and habitual) influence one’s perceived suffering. Thus, it shows that individuals are aware of their PSU and suffer from it. Using grayscale setting is effective in reducing smartphone use time.
In Western personnel psychology, control beliefs are a valued predictor for work-related outcomes. Yet, little is known about the culture-specific functioning of control in East Africa. Kenya, as an Ubuntu culture, is examined regarding control beliefs and contrasted with a German sample considered to represent an individualistic or Western culture. Responses to N=143 quantitative personality tests were attended with qualitative interviews on control beliefs (self-concept of ability, internality, powerful others, and chance). Content validity and factor structure of control beliefs were analyzed, followed by a Procrustean target rotation. Linear regression analyses were conducted to assess the predictability of job performance, achievement motivation, and well-being. Item comprehension, as well as factor structure of the four control aspects, differ between the two samples. In particular, the ‘powerful others’ control aspect diverges the most between the cultures. Linear regression analyses showed comparable, but not fully congruent predictability. Results indicate that an uncritical transfer of the control beliefs measure from one culture to another is inappropriate. Results fit in the picture of African Ubuntu philosophy, emphasizing social-relational aspects shaping control beliefs. More emic-etic based research is demanded concerning intra- and intercultural variability of control beliefs to depict a transcultural applicable and invariant model.
In Western personnel psychology, competence- and control beliefs (CCB) are of widespread use to predict typical work-related outcomes such as well-being, achievement motivation and job performance. The predictive value and comprehension of CCB in East Africa is examined, comparing a Kenyan target with a German source sample (N=143). Responses to personality tests included qualitative interviews on items capturing control orientations (self concept of ability, internality, powerful others, and chance). Linear regression analyses,
explorative factor analyses, and a procrustean target rotation showed comparable, but not fully congruent predictability for the connection of CCB with outcome variables. Factor structures of control responses did not resemble each other sufficiently. Content analyses including scale intercorrelations, quantitative and qualitative item information served for an explanation of this predictability gap, specifying differences between the German and Kenyan samples that are associated with the social-relational domain of personality. Results
fit in the picture depicted by the African Ubuntu philosophy and the South African Personality Inventory project (SAPI), both emphasizing social-relational aspects. In particular, the powerful others control orientation diverges the most between the cultures. Being perceived as a negative and external factor in the German sample with its individualistic culture, powerful others is of mixed emotional quality and just as well internal, when asked for in the Kenyan sample with its Ubuntu-worldview. An uncritical transfer of CCB measures from one culture to another is assumed to be inappropriate. More emic-etic based research is demanded concerning intra- and intercultural variability of CCB to depict a
transcultural applicable model.