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In the new epoch of Anthropocene, global freshwater resources are experiencing extensive degradation from a multitude of stressors. Consequently, freshwater ecosystems are threatened by a considerable loss of biodiversity as well as substantial decrease in adequate and secured freshwater supply for human usage, not only on local scales, but also on regional to global scales. Large scale assessments of human and ecological impacts of freshwater degradation enable an integrated freshwater management as well as complement small scale approaches. Geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial statistics (SS) have shown considerable potential in ecological and ecotoxicological research to quantify stressor impacts on humans and ecological entitles, and disentangle the relationships between drivers and ecological entities on large scales through an integrated spatial-ecological approach. However, integration of GIS and SS with ecological and ecotoxicological models are scarce and hence the large scale spatial picture of the extent and magnitude of freshwater stressors as well as their human and ecological impacts is still opaque. This Ph.D. thesis contributes novel GIS and SS tools as well as adapts and advances available spatial models and integrates them with ecological models to enable large scale human and ecological impacts identification from freshwater degradation. The main aim was to identify and quantify the effects of stressors, i.e climate change and trace metals, on the freshwater assemblage structure and trait composition, and human health, respectively, on large scales, i.e. European and Asian freshwater networks. The thesis starts with an introduction to the conceptual framework and objectives (chapter 1). It proceeds with outlining two novel open-source algorithms for quantification of the magnitude and effects of catchment scale stressors (chapter 2). The algorithms, i.e. jointly called ATRIC, automatically select an accumulation threshold for stream network extraction from digital elevation models (DEM) by assuring the highest concordance between DEM-derived and traditionally mapped stream networks. Moreover, they delineate catchments and upstream riparian corridors for given stream sampling points after snapping them to the DEM-derived stream network. ATRIC showed similar or better performance than the available comparable algorithms, and is capable of processing large scale datasets. It enables an integrated and transboundary management of freshwater resources by quantifying the magnitude of effects of catchment scale stressors. Spatially shifting temporal points (SSTP), outlined in chapter 3, estimates pooled within-time series (PTS) variograms by spatializing temporal data points and shifting them. Data were pooled by ensuring consistency of spatial structure and temporal stationarity within a time series, while pooling sufficient number of data points and increasing data density for a reliable variogram estimation. SSTP estimated PTS variograms showed higher precision than the available method. The method enables regional scale stressors quantification by filling spatial data gaps integrating temporal information in data scarce regions. In chapter 4, responses of the assumed climate-associated traits from six grouping features to 35 bioclimatic indices for five insect orders were compared, their potential for changing distribution pattern under future climate change was evaluated and the most influential climatic aspects were identified (chapter 4). Traits of temperature preference grouping feature and the insect order Ephemeroptera exhibited the strongest response to climate as well as the highest potential for changing distribution pattern, while seasonal radiation and moisture were the most influential climatic aspects that may drive a change in insect distribution pattern. The results contribute to the trait based freshwater monitoring and change prediction. In chapter 5, the concentrations of 10 trace metals in the drinking water sources were predicted and were compared with guideline values. In more than 53% of the total area of Pakistan, inhabited by more than 74 million people, the drinking water was predicted to be at risk from multiple trace metal contamination. The results inform freshwater management by identifying potential hot spots. The last chapter (6) synthesizes the results and provides a comprehensive discussion on the four studies and on their relevance for freshwater resources conservation and management.
Hintergrund: Veränderte gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen in der stationären Altenhilfe, die demografische Entwicklung mit dem steigenden Bedarf an Pflegekräften einerseits und die Tatsache, dass immer weniger Menschen aufgrund des Images des Berufes und der Arbeitsbedingungen in der Pflege tätig sein wollen andererseits, machen es notwendig neue Wege zu suchen. Die Träger im Sozial- und Gesundheitswesen sind gefordert, Konzepte zu entwickeln, die ihre Wirtschaftlichkeit sichern, gleichzeitig aber auch den Belastungen und der Unzufriedenheit von Mitarbeitenden entgegenwirken. Es braucht Gestaltungsräume, um Lösungen im Konflikt zwischen Anspruch und Machbarkeit zu finden und so dem alltäglichen Stress, der Mitarbeiterfluktuation und dem drohenden Leistungsabfall entgegenzuwirken. Durch das Praxisprojekt eines sozial-karitativen Trägers zur Implementierung einer ´Konstruktiven Konfliktkultur´ in einer stationären Altenhilfeeinrichtung sollte eine Organisationskultur geschaffen werden, in der Konflikte offen angesprochen werden, eine Offenheit für Veränderungsprozesse entsteht, Belastungen reduziert und die Mitarbeitenden an die Organisation gebunden werden. Dazu wurden drei pädagogische Interventionen entwickelt, durch die die Mitarbeitenden und die Führungskräfte in ihrer Konfliktfähigkeit geschult werden sollten. Methode: Die wissenschaftliche Begleitung dieses Praxisprojektes fand als Evaluationsstudie statt. Zu drei Erhebungszeitpunkten wurde eine repräsentative Mitarbeitergruppe dieser Einrichtung zu den Themen Konflikterleben, Führungsverhalten, Macht/ Regeln und Veränderungen durch qualitative Leitfadeninterviews befragt. Die Auswertung und Analyse der Daten erfolgte im Sinne der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring und floss ein in eine formative Prozessevaluation der einzelnen Interventionen und einer summativen Effektevaluation zu Bewertung der Zielerreichung des Projektes. Ergebnis: Die einzelnen Interventionen des Projektes konnten nicht dazu beitragen, dass eine ´Konstruktiven Konfliktkultur´ nachhaltig entwickelt werden konnte. Zwar gab es in der Bewusstseinsspanne des Projektes einen expliziten Wissensgewinn, jedoch mehr bei den Führungskräften als bei den Mitarbeitenden. Die Führungskräfte sahen im Projekt einen Gewinn, für einen Teil der Mitarbeitenden war es sogar Zeitverschwendung. Anhand der Ergebnisse lassen sich drei Merkmale herauskristallisieren, die kennzeichnend sind für die zugrundeliegenden Denk-, Urteils-, und Handlungsstrukturen in sozialen Organisationen im Umgang mit Konflikten: Konflikte sind nicht wahrnehmbare Konstrukte der Alltagswelt. Sie manifestieren sich aufgrund fehlender Legitimation in Überforderung und eine ´Konstruktiven Konfliktkultur´ kann nicht auf das Wissen Einzelner aufbauen, sondern benötigt verbindliche Handlungsstrukturen für alle Organisationsmitglieder gleichermaßen. Ergebnisinterpretation: Durch die Einbeziehung wissenssoziologischer und konfliktsoziologischer Theorien und deren Einordnung in Institutionen – und Organisationstheorien konnten die Ergebnisse diskutiert und neue Erkenntnisse über Konflikte in Organisationen, die sich in drei Spannungsfeldern zeigen, gewonnen werden. Die Spannungsfelder bewegen sich zwischen dem Konflikt als nicht-wahrnehmbarem Alltagsphänomen auf der einen Seite und einer manifestierten Belastung auf der anderen Seite, dem Gewohnheitswissen im alltäglichen Umgang einerseits und einem fehlenden Handlungswissen andererseits, einer funktional-positiven Sicht hier und einer dysfunktional-negativen Sicht dort. Anhand dieser Spannungsfelder kann die Konfliktmentalität und ihre Entstehung und auch die Möglichkeit ihrer Veränderbarkeit reflektiert und können Erfolgsfaktoren für die Implementierung einer ´Konstruktiven Konfliktkultur´ entwickelt werden.
Schlussfolgerung: Wissen, Legitimation und Institutionalisierung und die Stärkung der Wahrnehmungen sind der Schlüssel für die Veränderung der Konfliktmentalität in sozialen Organisationen. Nachhaltigkeit erhält die Thematik aber erst, wenn alle Organisationsmitglieder eine gewisse Handlungsnotwendigkeit für sich erkennen. Aktuell steht die Organisationsentwicklung für den expliziten Veränderungswillen von Management, der jedoch auf ein gewisses Beharrungsvermögen von Mitarbeitenden trifft.
The analysis of three-dimensional and complex motion sequences
of human gait and therefore the most important question
of kenesiology ”why are we falling?” is the essence of this
paper. The gerontology and its science of movement is currently
limited to simple and one-dimensional methods and models. An
extensive literature research shows the latest state of research of
the three common methods to determine the stability of human
gait. To assess the margin of stability, local stability and orbital
stability it is shown, how those methods are applicable to evaluate
the subject’s ability to recover from any disturbences of
the subject’s gait. Based on this assessment and the method’s
advantages and disadvantages a new method will be derived
that allows spatial analysis of dynamic instability of linear and
non-linear human gait. A motion capture system and the timed
up and go test serve as a basis for this new method and will be
explained. A numerical approximation to optimise the number
of markers within a marker-set of a motion capture analysis
and its maximum correlation with the full-body-marker-set will
be given. This simplification is very helpful for further clinical
or scientific research. To validate the new method a trial
with subjects will be shown and discussed. New appreciable
variables and snapshots of specific situations during the gait
offer new and different interpretations of the human gait. The
new method is the most applicable and appropriate assessment
of human gait and the individual development of the human
gait while aging, as well as to detect and prevent falling and
associated injuries. Especially directional change of a non-linear
gait become assessable with the new method.
The research described in this thesis was designed to yield information on the impact of particle-bound pesticides on organisms living in the interface between sediment and water column in a temporarily open estuary (TOCEs). It was hypothesized that natural variables such as salinity and temperature and anthropogenic stressors such as particle-bound pesticides contribute to the variability of the system. A multiple line of evidence approach is necessary due to the variability in sediment type, contaminant distribution and spatial and temporal variability within the ecosystem in particular within TOCEs. The first aim of this thesis was to identify which particle-bound pesticides are important to the contamination of the Lourens River estuary (Western Cape, South Africa), taking into account their environmental concentrations, physico-chemical and toxicological properties (Exposure assessment). The second aim was to identify spatial and temporal variations in particle bound pesticide contamination, natural environmental variables and benthic community structure (effect assessment). The third aim was to test the hypothesis: "does adaptation to fluctuating salinities lead to enhanced survival of the harpacticoid copepod Mesochra parva when exposed to a combination of particle associated chlorpyrifos exposure and hypo-osmotic stress during a 96 h sediment toxicity test?" The last aim was to identify the driving environmental variables (including natural and anthropogenic stressors) in a "natural" (Rooiels River) compared to a "disturbed" (Lourens River) estuary and to identify if and how these variables change the benthic community structure in both estuaries. Data produced in this research thus provide important information to understand the impact of pesticides and its interaction with natural variables in a temporarily open estuary. To summarise, this study indicated, by the use of the multi-evidence approach, that the pesticides endosulfan and chlorpyrifos posed a risk towards benthic organisms in a temporarily open estuary in particular during spring season. Furthermore an important link between pesticide exposure/ toxicity and salinity was identified, which has important implications for the management of temporarily open estuaries.
Abdriftbedingte Pflanzenschutzmittelrückstände in unbehandelten Kulturen auf angrenzenden Flächen
(2020)
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Abdrift von Pflanzenschutzmitteln (PSM), die auf Lebensmittelkulturen in angrenzenden Flächen, insbesondere in benachbarte Haus- und Kleingärten, gelangt. In einer Reihe von Windtunnelversuchen wurde die Abdrift von PSM aus Flächen- und Raumkulturen während der Applikation mit zwei verschiedenen Testsystemen nachgestellt. Das Testsystem Flächenkultur simuliert die Applikation auf Flächenkulturen, das Testsystem Raumkultur die auf Raumkulturen. Auf der Nicht-Zielfläche wurden die auf Grund von Abdrift entstandenen Rückstände des verwendeten Tracers Pyranin nach der Applikation entfernungsabhängig auf den Lebensmittelkulturen Kopfsalat, Erdbeeren und Tomaten gemessen. Durch die gleichzeitige Messung der Bodendeposition konnten die Messwerte mit Hilfe von Regressionsgleichungen (R² = 0,88 bis 0,97) in Bezug zu den Abdrifteckwerten (AEW) gebracht werden. Dadurch war es möglich, erste Abschätzungen der Höhe von Rückständen vorzunehmen, die über Abdrift von landwirtschaftlichen Flächen auf benachbarte Lebensmittelkulturen im Freiland gelangen können. Diese Abschätzung ist zunächst limitiert auf die drei Versuchspflanzen. Die Versuche zeigen, dass sich die meisten durch Abdrift entstehenden Rückstände auf Salatköpfen wieder finden, gefolgt von Erdbeeren und Tomaten.
Neben dem experimentellen Teil wurden Analysen mit Geoinformationssystemen (GIS) durchgeführt, um die Nachbarschaftsverhältnisse zwischen landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen und Gartenflächen für ganz Deutschland und speziell für Rheinland-Pfalz (RLP) zu analysieren. Dazu wurden für die deutschlandweiten Berechnungen die Daten des amtlichen topographisch-kartographischen Informationssystems (ATKIS) und für die RLP-weiten Berechnungen die Daten des amtlichen Liegenschaftskatasterinformationssystem (ALKIS) verwendet. Beachtet werden muss, dass auf Grund der Datenbeschaffenheit eine Abgrenzung der Gartenflächen zu Wohnflächen nicht möglich ist. Deutschlandweit liegen etwa 1,1 % aller potentiellen Gartenflächen innerhalb eines 5 m Pufferbereichs um Raumkulturen bzw. innerhalb eines 2 m Pufferbereichs um Flächenkulturen. Für RLP sind es 0,75 %. Mit Hilfe eines Landbedeckungsdatensatzes der Fa. RLP AgroScience GmbH und den ALKIS-Daten konnte jedoch die exakte Gartenfläche für RLP auf 47.437 ha bestimmt werden. Basierend auf dieser Datengrundlage liegen 1,2 % der Gartenfläche von RLP innerhalb der genannten Pufferbereiche. Des Weiteren ergaben Berechnungen, dass 3 % der Gärten in RLP direkt angrenzend zu landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen liegen.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden nicht nur Gärten betrachtet, die an landwirtschaftliche Flächen grenzen, sondern auch Nachbarschaftsverhältnisse zwischen ökologisch und konventionell bewirtschafteten Flächen untersucht. Diese Berechnungen erfolgten mit den Daten des Integrierten Verwaltungs- und Kontrollsystems (InVeKoS). Insgesamt grenzen in RLP 47,1 % aller ökologisch bewirtschafteten Flächen unmittelbar an konventionell bewirtschaftete Flächen an.
Studien zeigen einen hohen Anteil an gut ausgebildeten Frauen, auch weisen Untersuchungen über die Führungskompetenz mehr führungsstarke Frauen (jede 12.) als Männer (jeder 17.) auf. Diese Ergebnisse spiegeln sich jedoch nicht in der nur geringen Anzahl von Frauen in höheren Führungspositionen wieder, mit der Folge, dass diese Ressource damit ungenutzt bleibt. Wenn Mitarbeitende aber als bedeutsam für den Unternehmenserfolg angesehen werden, dann sollten ein optimaler Einsatz und eine bestmögliche Entwicklung selbstverständlich sein. Dieser Aspekt findet sich auch in der Politik zur Gleichbehandlung der Geschlechter wieder. Organisationen vernachlässigen Potential, wenn sie Frauen, die gut ausgebildet sind, nicht die Möglichkeiten geben, beruflich aufzusteigen. Gerade in der Sozialen Arbeit ist der Anteil der Frauen sehr hoch, dennoch kehrt sich diese Verhältnismäßigkeit, vor allem bei den höheren Führungspositionen wie Vorstände, Geschäftsführungen, Aufsichtsgremien, um. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation werden förderliche und hemmende Faktoren im Erreichen einer Leitungsposition von Frauen analysiert. Der besondere Fokus ist dabei auf die obere Führungsebene in Organisationen der Sozialen Arbeit gerichtet, im Besonderen auf die Freie Wohlfahrtspflege. Ziel ist darüber hinaus die Darstellung von Handlungsimplikationen zur Förderung weiblicher Karrieren in der Sozialen Arbeit, als Beitrag zur besseren Nutzung weiblichen Know-Hows. Die Arbeit berücksichtigt dabei sowohl die Sicht von Frauen in Führungspositionen, als auch die Sicht von Personalentscheiderinnen und -entscheidern und leistet einen Beitrag dazu, wie Frauen in Verbänden und Organisationen der Freien Wohlfahrtspflege der Zugang zu Führungspositionen ermöglicht werden kann. Die hieraus resultierenden Leitfragen sind: Welche biografischen und institutionellen Faktoren fördern und hemmen den Aufstieg weiblicher Führungskräfte in die obere Führungsebene? Welche Faktoren zeigen sich aus Sicht der Frauen, welche aus Sicht der Personalentscheiderinnen und -entscheider? Welche Lösungswege ergeben sich zur Anhebung des Frauenanteils in der oberen Führungsebene? In der theoretischen Ausarbeitung werden zunächst im Rahmen des ersten Themenkomplexes Frauen und Führung bspw. geschlechtsspezifische Aspekte von Führungsverhalten besprochen, Bezug nehmende Ergebnisse der Führungsforschung sowie der Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung aufgezeigt und berufliche Situationen und Karrieren von Frauen dargestellt. Einfluss- und Erfolgsfaktoren weiblicher Karrieren, mögliche Aufstiegsbarrieren (biografisch konstruiert, gesellschaftlich sozialisiert, organisationsstrukturell) und Strategien zur Realisierung von Chancengleichheit im Aufstieg werden beschrieben. Der erste Themenkomplex endet mit der analytischen Betrachtung des Nutzens dieser Chancengleichheit. Der zweite Themenkomplex geht konkret auf den Bereich Soziale Arbeit ein, beleuchtet den Begriff Frauenberuf, die berufliche Situation von Frauen in der Sozialen Arbeit, die Freie Wohlfahrtspflege, das hier vorherrschende Verständnis von Führung und geht im Abschluss auf Frauen in Führungspositionen in der Sozialen Arbeit ein. Neben Faktoren, die Frauen möglicherweise einen Führungsaufstieg erschweren, werden auch Möglichkeiten von Organisationen bei der Unterstützung von Karrieren der Frauen beleuchtet. Die Untersuchung legt ihren Schwerpunkt auf die Organisationen der Sozialen Arbeit und die Führungspositionen des oberen Managements. Im sich anschließenden empirischen Teil erfolgt daher die Darstellung des Forschungsprojekts und des Forschungssettings, der Forschungsergebnisse, als auch der daraus abgeleiteten Schlussfolgerungen.
Method development for the quantification of pharmaceuticals in aqueous environmental matrices
(2021)
As a consequence of the world population increase and the resulting water scarcity, water quality is the object of growing attention. In that context, organic anthropogenic molecules — often defined as micropollutants— represent a threat for water resources. Among them, pharmaceuticals are the object of particular concerns due to their permanent discharge, their increasing consumption and their effect-based structures. Pharmaceuticals are mainly introduced in the environment via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), along with their metabolites and the on-site formed transformation products (TPs). Once in the aquatic environment, they partition between the different environmental compartments in particular the aqueous phase, suspended particulate matter(SPM) and biota. In the last decades, pharmaceuticals have been widely investigated in the water phase. However, extreme polar pharmaceuticals have rarely been monitored due to the lack of robust analytical methods. Moreover, metabolites and TPs have seldom been included in routine analysis methods although their environmental relevance is proven. Furthermore, pharmaceuticals have been only sporadically investigated in SPM and biota and adequate multi-residue methods are lacking to obtain comprehensive results about their occurrence in these matrices. This thesis endeavors to cover these gaps of knowledge by the development of generic multi-residue methods for pharmaceuticals determination in the water phase, SPM and biota and to evaluate the occurrence and partition of pharmaceuticals into these compartments. For a complete overview, a particular focus was laid on extreme polar pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical metabolites and TPs. In total, three innovative multi-residue methods were developed, they include analytes covering a broad range of physico-chemical properties. First, a reliable multi-residue method was developed for the analysis of extreme polar pharmaceuticals, metabolites and TPs dissolved in water. The selected analytes covered a significant range of elevated polarity and the method would be easily expendable to further analytes. This versatility could be achieved by the utilization of freeze-drying as sample preparation and zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) in gradient elution mode. The suitability of HILIC chromatography to simultaneously quantify a large range of micropollutants in aqueous environmental samples was thoroughly studied. Several limitations were pointed out: a very complex and time-consuming method development, a very high sensitivity with regards to modification of the acetonitrile to water ratio in the eluent or the diluent and high positive matrix effects for certain analytes. However, these limitations can be overcome by the utilization of a precise protocol and appropriate labeled internal standards. They are overmatched by the benefits of HILIC which permits the chromatographic separation of extreme polar micropollutants. Investigation of environmental samples showed elevated concentrations of the analytes in the water phase. In particular, gabapentin, metformin, guanylurea and oxypurinol were measured at concentrations in the µg/L range in surface water. Subsequently, a reliable multi-residue method was established for the determination of 57 pharmaceuticals, 47 metabolites and TPs sorbed to SPM down to the low ng/g range. This method was conceived to cover a large range of polarity in particular with the inclusion of extreme polar pharmaceuticals. The extraction procedure was based on pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by a clean-up via solvent exchange and detection via direct injection-reversed-phase LC-MS/MS and freeze-drying HILIC-MS/MS. Pharmaceutical sorption was examined using laboratory experiments. Derived distribution coefficients Kd varied by five orders of magnitude among the analytes and confirmed a high sorption potential for positively charged and nonpolar pharmaceuticals. The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in German rivers SPM was evaluated by the investigation of annual composite SPM samples taken at four sites at the river Rhine and one site at the river Saar between the years 2005 and 2015. It revealed the ubiquitous presence of pharmaceuticals sorbed to SPM in these rivers. In particular, positively charged analytes, even very polar and nonpolar pharmaceuticals showed appreciable concentrations. For many pharmaceuticals, a distinct correlation was observed between the annual quantities consumed in Germany and the concentrations measured in SPM. Studies of composite SPM spatial distribution permitted to get hints about specific industrial discharge by comparing the pollution pattern along the river. For the first time, these results showed the potential of SPM for the monitoring of positively charged and nonpolar pharmaceuticals in surface water. Finally, a reliable and generic multi residue method was developed to investigate 35 pharmaceuticals and 28 metabolites and TPs in fish plasma, fish liver and fish fillet. For this matrix, it was very challenging to develop an adequate clean-up allowing for the sufficient separation of the matrix disturbances from the analytes. In the final method, fish tissue extraction was performed by cell disruption followed by a non-discriminating clean-up based on silica gel solid-phase extraction(SPE) and restrictive access media (RAM) chromatography. Application of the developed method to the measurement of bream and carp tissues from German rivers revealed that even polar micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals are ubiquitously present in fish tissues. In total, 17 analytes were detected for the first time in fish tissues, including 10 metabolites/TPs. The importance of monitoring metabolites and TPs in fish tissues was confirmed with their detection at similar concentrations as their parents. Liver and fillet were shown to be appropriate for the monitoring of pharmaceuticals in fish, whereas plasma is more inconvenient due to very low concentrations and collection difficulties. Elevated concentrations of certain metabolites suggest possible formation of human metabolites in fish. Measured concentrations indicate a low bioaccumulation potential for pharmaceuticals in fish tissues.
Schrift ist in ihrer Besonderheit verkannt, versteht man sie allein als Mittel zur Stillstellung gesprochener Sprache. Phänomene wie Schriftbildlichkeit, Operativität und die Physiognomie des Schriftbildes machen Schrift zu einem Medium. In der Entwicklung und in der Verwendung von Schriftgebrauchsformen in unterschiedlichen Kontexten werden sowohl die Eigenschaften, die Schriftzeichen mit verbalen Zeichen gemeinsam haben, als auch die Potentiale, die sie mit pikturalen Zeichen gemeinsam haben, genutzt. Daher werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Funktionalisierungsmöglichkeiten von Schriftgebrauchsformen vor dem Hintergrund der Symboltheorie Nelson Goodmans vorgestellt. Eine an die ästhetische Theorie angelehnte Herangehensweise ermöglicht es, gerade die bildlichen Aspekte von Schriftformen – die bislang in schrifttheoretischen Arbeiten meist als irrelevant ausgeblendet werden – zu berücksichtigen. Es wird ein dynamischer Kompetenzbegriff in Anlehnung an J.G. Schneider entwickelt, der alle Fähigkeiten umfasst, die benötigt werden, um Schriftgebrauchsformen erfolgversprechend verwenden zu können. Zu diesen Fähigkeiten gehören nicht nur grammatische und orthographische Kompetenz, sondern ebenso Geschmack und die Fähigkeit zur Analogiebildung. An Beispielen verschiedener Schriftverwendungen wird gezeigt, wie unterschiedlich Schriftgebrauchsformen eingesetzt werden können. So wird Schrift als Kulturtechnik darstellbar und mithin verdeutlicht, dass die Art und Weise, wie Menschen ihre Kultur, ihre Welt, aber auch ihre spezifische Umgebung und eigene Identität modellieren, von Schriftverwendungen geprägt und verändert wird.
Gel effect induced by mucilage in the pore space and consequences on soil physical properties
(2020)
Water uptake, respiration and exudation are some of the biological functions fulfilled by plant roots. They drive plant growth and alter the biogeochemical parameters of soil in the vicinity of roots, the rhizosphere. As a result, soil processes such as water fluxes, carbon and nitrogen exchanges or microbial activity are enhanced in the rhizosphere in comparison to the bulk soil. In particularly, the exudation of mucilage as a gel-like substance by plant roots seems to be a strategy for plants to overcome drought stress by increasing soil water content and soil unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at negative water potentials. Although the variations of soil properties due to mucilage are increasingly understood, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms in the pore space leading to such variations is lacking.
The aim of this work was to elucidate the gel properties of mucilage in the pore space, i.e. interparticulate mucilage, in order to link changes of the physico-chemical properties in the rhizosphere to mucilage. The fulfilment of this goal was confronted to the three following challenges: The lack of methods for in situ detection of mucilage in soil; The lack of knowledge concerning the properties of interparticulate mucilage; The unknown relationship between the composition and the properties of model substances and root mucilage produced by various species. These challenges are addressed in several chapters.
In a first instance, a literature review picked information from various scientific fields about methods enabling the characterization of gels and gel phases in soil. The variation of soil properties resulting from biohydrogel swelling in soil was named the gel effect. The combined study of water entrapment of gels and gel phases in soil and soil structural properties in terms of mechanical stability or visual structures proved promising to disentangle the gel effect in soil.
The acquired methodical knowledge was used in the next experiments to detect and characterize the properties of interparticulate gel. 1H NMR relaxometry allows the non-invasive measure of water mobility in porous media. A conceptual model based on the equations describing the relaxation of water protons in porous media was developed to integrate the several gel effects into the NMR parameters and quantify the influence of mucilage on proton relaxation. Rheometry was additionally used to assess mucilage viscosity and soil microstructural stability and ESEM images to visualize the network of interparticulate gel. Combination of the results enabled to identify three main interparticulate gel properties: The spider-web effect restricts the elongation of the polymer chains due to the grip of the polymer network to the surface of soil particles. The polymer network effect illustrates the organization of the polymer network in the pore space according to the environment. The microviscosity effect describes the increased viscosity of interparticulate gel in contrast to free gel. The impact of these properties on soil water mobility and microstructural stability were investigated. Consequences on soil hydraulic and soil mechanical properties found in the literature are further discussed.
The influence of the chemical properties of polymers on gel formation mechanism and gel properties was also investigated. For this, model substances with various uronic acid content, degree of esterification and amount of calcium were tested and their amount of high molecular weight substances was measured. The substances investigated included pectic polysaccharides and chia seed mucilage as model polymers and wheat and maize root mucilage. Polygalacturonic acid and low-methoxy pectin proved as non-suitable model polymers for seed and root mucilage as ionic interactions with calcium control their properties. Mucilage properties rather seem to be governed by weak electrostatic interactions between the entangled polymer chains. The amount of high molecular weight material varies considerably depending on mucilage´s origin and seems to be a straight factor for mucilage’s gel effect in soil. Additionally to the chemical characterization of the high molecular weight compounds, determination of their molecular weight and of their conformation in several mucilages types is needed to draw composition-property profiles. The variations measured between the various mucilages also highlight the necessity to study how the specific properties of the various mucilages fulfill the needs of the plant from which they are exuded.
Finally, the integration of molecular interactions in gel and interparticulate gel properties to explain the physical properties of the rhizosphere was discussed. This approach offers numerous perspectives to clarify for example how water content or hydraulic conductivity in the rhizosphere vary according to the properties of the exuded mucilage. The hypothesis that the gel effect is general for all soil-born exudates showing gel properties was considered. As a result, a classification of soil-born gel phases including roots, seeds, bacteria, hyphae and earthworm’s exuded gel-like material according to their common gel physico-chemical properties is recommended for future research. An outcome could be that the physico-chemical properties of such gels are linked with the extent of the gel effect, with their impact on soil properties and with the functions of the gels in soil.
Im Zentrum der Arbeit steht die Frage, inwiefern erwachsenenpädagogische Professionalität und Qualitätsmanagement als je eigene Zugänge der Qualitätssicherung im Kontext der Weiterbildung miteinander kompatibel sind.
Diese Frage wird seit den 1990er Jahren diskutiert und stellt sich gegenwärtig neu, u.a. angesichts branchenspezifischer Ansätze wie der Lernerorientierten Qualitätstestierung in der Weiterbildung (LQW).
Zur Beantwortung werden einschlägige Vertreter des Professionalitäts- und Qualitätsmanagementzugangs aus einer handlungstheoretischen Perspektive vergleichend im Hinblick auf ihre Handlungsordnungen gegenübergestellt. Grundlage bildet eine kategoriengeleitete, heuristisch angelegte Dokumentenanalyse sowohl von Grundlagentexten als auch von Normen- und Anforderungskatalogen.
Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass die Passung differenziert und jenseits dichotomisierender Gegenüberstellungen von Pädagogik bzw. Profession und Organisation oder von Pädagogik und Ökonomie zu beurteilen ist:
Zum einen wird die Heterogenität der Einzelansätze deutlich, welche sich in unterschiedlichem Umfang als kompatibel zueinander erweisen. Zum anderen werden entlang einzelner Handlungsdimensionen sowohl Anschluss- als auch Bruchstellen sichtbar.
Als ein weiterer zentraler Befund lässt sich festhalten, dass auch die Art der Spannungsverhältnisse zwischen erwachsenenpädagogischer Professionalität und Qualitätsmanagement unterschieden werden muss:
Während die Spannungen zwischen den gegensätzlichen methodischen Strategien (z.B. zwischen professionellem Fallbezug und organisationaler Standardisierung) gradueller Natur sind und „bearbeitet“ werden können, zeigen sich zwischen den programmatischen Zweck- und Aufgabenbestimmungen kategoriale Unterschiede und antinomische Konstellationen.
So verweisen das professionelle Leitprinzip der Teilnehmerorientierung sowie die für die Qualitätsmanagement-Ansätze maßgebliche Kunden- bzw. Lernerorientierung auf jeweils eigene sowie voneinander abweichende Vermittlungskonzepte, die nicht widerspruchsfrei zusammengeführt werden können.
Non-Consumptive Effects of Spiders and Ants: Does Fear Matter in Terrestrial Interaction Webs?
(2014)
Most animals suffer from predators. Besides killing prey, predators can affect prey physiology, morphology and behaviour. Spiders are among the most diverse and frequent predators in terrestrial ecosystems. Our behavioural arena experiments revealed that behavioural changes under spider predation risk are relatively scarce among arthropods. Wood crickets (Nemobius sylvestris), in particular, changed their behaviour in response to cues of various spider species. Thereby, more common and relatively larger spider species induced stronger antipredator behaviour in crickets.
Behavioural changes under predation risk are expected to enhance predator avoidance, but they come at a cost. Crickets previously confronted with cues of the nursery web spider (Pisaura mirabilis) were indeed more successful in avoiding predation. Surprisingly, crickets slightly increased food uptake and lost less weight under predation risk, indicating that crickets are able to compensate for short-term cost under predation risk. In a following plant choice experiment, crickets strongly avoided plants bearing spider cues, which in turn reduced the herbivory on the respective plants.
Similar to spiders, ants are ubiquitous predators and can have a strong impact on herbivores, but also on other predators. Juvenile spiders increased their propensity for long-distance dispersal if exposed to ant cues. Thus, spiders use this passive dispersal through the air (ballooning) to avoid ants and colonise new habitats.
In a field experiment, we compared arthropod colonisation between plants bearing cues of the nursery web spider and cue-free plants. We followed herbivory during the experimental period and sampled the arthropod community on the plants. In accordance with the plant choice experiment, herbivory was reduced on plants bearing spider cues. In addition, spider cues led to changes in the arthropod community: smaller spiders and black garden ants (Lasius niger) avoided plants bearing spider cues. In contrast, common red ants (Myrmica rubra) increased the recruitment of workers, possibly to protect their aphids.
Although behavioural changes were relatively rare on filter papers bearing spider cues, more natural experimental setups revealed strong and far-reaching effects of predation risk. We further suggest that risk effects influence the spatial distribution of herbivory, rather than reduce overall herbivory that is expected if predators kill herbivores. Consequently, the relative importance of predation and risk effects is crucial for the way predators affect lower trophic levels.
Organic substances play an essential role for the formation of stable soil structures. In this context, their physico-chemical properties, interactions with mineral soil constituents and soil-water interactions are particu-larly important. However, the underlying mechanisms contributing to soil particle cementation by swollen or-ganic substances (hydrogels) remains unclear. Up to now, no mechanistic model is available which explains the mechanisms of interparticulate hydrogel swelling and its contribution to soil-water interactions and soil structur-al stability. This mainly results from the lack of appropriate testing methods to study hydrogel swelling in soil as well as from the difficulties of adapting available methods to the system soil/hydrogel.
In this thesis, 1H proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry was combined with various soil micro- and macrostructural stability testing methods in order to identify the contribution of hydrogel swelling-induced soil-water interactions to the structural stability of water-saturated and unsaturated soils. In the first part, the potentials and limitations of 1H NMR relaxometry to enlighten soil structural stabilization mechanism and vari-ous water populations were investigated. In the second part, 1H-NMR relaxometry was combined with rheologi-cal measurements of soil to assess the contribution of interparticulate hydrogel swelling and various polymer-clay interactions on soil-water interactions and soil structural stability in an isolated manner. Finally, the effects of various organic and mineral soil fractions on soil-water interactions and soil structural stability was assessed in more detail for a natural, agriculturally cultivated soil by soil density fractionation and on the basis of the experiences gained from the previous experiments.
The increased experiment complexity in the course of this thesis enabled to link physico-chemical properties of interparticulate hydrogel structures with soil structural stability on various scales. The established mechanistic model explains the contribution of interparticulate hydrogels to the structural stability of water-saturated and unsaturated soils: While swollen clay particles reduce soil structural stability by acting as lubricant between soil particles, interparticulate hydrogel structures increase soil structural stability by forming a flexible polymeric network which interconnects mineral particles more effectively than soil pore- or capillary water. It was appar-ent that soil structural stability increases with increasing viscosity of the interparticluate hydrogel in dependence on incubation time, soil texture, soil solution composition and external factors in terms of moisture dynamics and agricultural management practices. The stabilizing effect of interparticulate hydrogel structures further in-crease in the presence of clay particles which is attributed to additional polymer-clay interactions and the incor-poration of clay particles into the three-dimensional interparticulate hydrogel network. Furthermore, the simul-taneous swelling of clay particles and hydrogel structures results in the competition for water and thus in a mu-tual restriction of their swelling in the interparticle space. Thus, polymer-clay interactions not only increase the viscosity of the interparticulate hydrogel and thus its ability to stabilize soil structures but further reduce the swelling of clay particles and consequently their negative effects on soil structural stability. The knowledge on these underlying mechanisms enhance the knowledge on the formation of stable soil structures and enable to take appropriate management practices in order to maintain a sustainable soil structure. The additionally out-lined limitations and challenges of the mechanistic model should provide information on areas with optimization and research potential, respectively.
Studies have shown that wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are the major pathways of organic and inorganic chemicals of anthropogenic use (=micropollutants) into aquatic environments. There, micropollutants can be transferred to ground water bodies - and may finally end up in drinking water - or cause various effects in aquatic organisms like multiple resistances of bacteria. Hence, the upgrading of WWTPs with the aim to reduce the load of those micropollutants is currently under discussion.
Therefore, the primary objective of this thesis was to assess ecotoxicological effects of wastewater ozonation, a tertiary treatment method, using specifically developed toxicity tests with Gammarus fossarum (Koch) at various levels of ecological complexity. Several studies were designed in the laboratory and under semi-field conditions to cope with this primary objective. Prior to the investigations with ozone treated wastewater, the ecotoxicity of secondary treated (=non-ozone treated) wastewater from WWTP Wüeri, Switzerland, for the test species was assessed by a four-week experiment. This experiment displayed statistically significant impairments in feeding, assimilation and physiological endpoints related to population development and reproduction. The first experiment investigating ecotoxicological implications of ozone application in wastewater from the same WWTP displayed a preference of G. fossarum for leaf discs conditioned in ozone treated wastewater when offered together with leaf discs conditioned in non-ozone treated wastewater. This effect seems to be mainly driven by an alteration in the leaf associated microbial community. Another series of laboratory experiments conducted also with wastewater from WWTP Wüeri treated with ozone at the lab- or full-scale, revealed significantly increased feeding rates of G. fossarum exposed to ozone treated wastewater compared to non-ozone treated wastewater. These laboratory experiments also indicated that any alteration in the organic matrix potentially caused by ozone treatment is not related to the effects in feeding as this endpoint showed only negligible deviation in secondary treated wastewater, which contained hardly any (micro)pollutants (i.e. pharmaceuticals), from the same wastewater additionally treated with ozone. Moreover, it was shown that shifts in the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) profile do not affect the feeding rate of gammarids. In situ bioassays conducted in the receiving stream of the WWTP Wüeri confirmed the results of the laboratory experiments by displaying significantly reduced feeding rates of G. fossarum exposed below the WWTP effluent if non-ozone treated wastewater was released. However, at the time the ozonation was operating, no adverse effects in feeding rates were observed below the effluent compared to the unaffected upstream sites. Also population studies in on-site flow-through stream microcosms displayed an increased feeding and a statistically significantly higher population size after ten weeks when exposed to ozone treated wastewater compared to non-ozone treated wastewater.
In conclusion, the present thesis documents that ozonation might be a suitable tool to reduce both the load of micropollutants as well as the ecotoxicity of wastewaters. Thus, this technology may help to meet the requirements of the Water Framework Directive also under predicted climate change scenarios, which may lead to elevated proportions of wastewater in the receiving stream during summer discharge. However, as ozone application may also produce by-products with a higher toxicity than their parent compounds, the implementation of this technique should be assessed further both via chemical analysis and ecotoxicological bioassays.
The adoption of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) in 2000 marked the beginning of a new era of European water policy. However, more than a decade later, the majority of European rivers are still failing to meet one of the main objectives of the WFD: the good ecological status. Pesticides are a major stressor for stream ecosystems. This PhD thesis emphasises the need for WFD managers to consider all main agricultural pesticide sources and influencing landscape parameters when setting up River Basin Management Plans and Programmes of Measures. The findings and recommendations of this thesis can help to successfully tackle the risk of pesticide contamination to achieve the WFD objectives.
A total of 663 sites that were situated in the German Federal States of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and Hesse were studied (Chapter 3 and 4). In addition to an analysis of the macroinvertebrate data of the governmental WFD monitoring network, a detailed GIS analysis of the main agricultural pesticide sources (arable land and garden allotments as well as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)) and landscape elements (riparian buffer strips and forested upstream reaches) was conducted. Based on the results, a screening approach was developed that allows an initial rapid and cost-effective identification of those sites that are potentially affected by pesticide contamination. By using the trait-based bioindicator SPEARpesticides, the insecticidal long-term effects of the WWTP effluents on the structure of the macroinvertebrate community were identified up to at least 1.5 km downstream (in some cases even 3 km) of the WWTPs. The results of the German Saprobic Index revealed that the WWTPs can still be important sources of oxygen-depleting substances. Furthermore, the results indicate that forested upstream reaches and riparian buffer strips at least 5 m in width can be appropriate measures in mitigating the effects and exposure of pesticides.
There are concerns that the future expansion of energy crop cultivation will lead to an increased pesticide contamination of ecosystems in agricultural landscapes. Therefore, the potential of energy crops for pesticide contamination was examined based on an analysis of the development of energy crop cultivation in Germany and a literature search on perennial energy crops (Chapter 5). The results indicate that the future large-scale expansion of energy crop cultivation will not necessarily cause an increase or decrease in the amounts of pesticides that are released into the environment. The potential effects will depend on the future design of the agricultural systems. Instead of creating energy monocultures, annual energy crops should be integrated into the existing food production systems. Financial incentives and further education are needed to encourage the use of sustainable crop rotations, innovative cropping systems and perennial energy crops, which may contribute to crop diversity and generate lower pesticide demands than do intensive farming systems.
Bislang mangelt es an Forschung zur Führung durch Selbstführung, ein laut Manz und Sims (2007) für die modernen Arbeitsbedingungen des 21. Jahrhunderts adäquater Führungsansatz. Zudem findet dieses Führungsverhalten in der Praxis bisher noch wenig Verbreitung (vgl. Butzmann, 2008; Jilg, 2010). Dies verdeutlicht, dass ein erheblicher Bedarf an Förderung und Training von Führung durch Selbstführung besteht. In diesem Zusammenhang wären zum einen Kenntnisse darüber von Vorteil, welche Eigenschaften und Kompetenzen für den Erwerb dieses Führungsverhalten prädisponieren. Zum anderen wäre eine empirische Fundierung der Erfolgsrelevanz von Führung durch Selbstführung interessant.
Anliegen vorliegender Arbeit ist, hierzu einen Beitrag zu leisten. Auf eignungsspezifischer Seite wurden das unternehmerische Eignungspotential sowie die individuelle Selbstführungskompetenz untersucht. Auf erfolgsspezifischer Seite wurde Führung durch Selbstführung sowohl mit dem objektiven Unternehmenserfolg als auch mit der Arbeitszufriedenheit und dem Wohlbefinden, als Indikatoren des subjektiven Unternehmenserfolgs, in Beziehung gesetzt. Die Untersuchung erfolgte an einer Stichprobe von N = 102 beruflich selbstständige Personen. Aufgrund der sehr homogenen Stichprobenzusammensetzung in Bezug auf das unternehmerische Eignungspotential sowie einer eingeschränkten Messqualität einer der Skalen zur Erfassung von Führung durch Selbstführung konnten einige der aufgestellten Hypothesen nicht bestätigt werden. Ein explorativ getestetes Modell, aus welchem diese kritischen Skalen bzw. Variablen entfernt wurden, weist allerdings einen sehr guten ModellFit auf und bestätigt weitestgehend die postulierten Zusammenhänge zwischen der individuellen Selbstführungskompetenz, Führung durch Selbstführung sowie den subjektiven und objektiven Erfolgsindikatoren. Zu beachten ist, dass dieses Modell aufgrund seines explorativen Charakters erst nach seiner erfolgreichen Replizierung als bestätigt angesehen werden darf, wobei die gefundenen Ergebnisse zu weiterführenden Untersuchungen im Bereich der Führung-durch-Selbstführungsforschung ermutigen.
Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit verfolgt das Ziel, die Bevölkerungsentwicklung im Westerwaldkreis im Zeitraum von 1974 bis 2008 auf Kreis-, Verbandsgemeinde- und Gemeindeebene detailliert zu untersuchen und im Rahmen eines Handlungskonzeptes für ausgewählte Gemeinden geeignete Maßnahmen zur konkreten Gestaltung des Demographischen Wandels aufzuzeigen. Dies geschieht zunächst anhand einer umfassenden Analyse der Bevölkerungsdaten. Dazu zählt eine Einteilung des Untersuchungszeitraums in spezielle Phasen der Bevölkerungsentwicklung, welche durch die jährlichen Veränderungsraten des Bevölkerungsstandes des Westerwaldkreises charakterisiert werden. Anschließend wird ausführlicher auf wichtige Kennzahlen der Bevölkerungsentwicklung aus den Bereichen der natürlichen Bevölkerungsbewegung, der Bevölkerungsstruktur und der Wanderungen eingegangen mit der Intention, einerseits detaillierte Ergebnisse hervorzubringen, die im Rahmen bisheriger Untersuchungen nicht vorliegen und andererseits Grundlagen für die Ursachenforschung zu schaffen, die der Analyse der Bevölkerungsdaten folgt. Für diese Ursachenforschung werden fünf Gemeinden exemplarisch ausgewählt, die eine besonders positive bzw. negative Bevölkerungsentwicklung im Untersuchungszeitraum aufweisen. Integrale Bestandteile dieser Ursachenforschung sind, neben einer ausführlichen Darstellung der Bevölkerungsentwicklung der Gemeinden, Experteninterviews und eigene humangeographische Beobachtungen. Des Weiteren wird speziell für die drei ausgewählten Gemeinden mit negativer Bevölkerungsentwicklung eine Online-Umfrage unter Jugendlichen durchgeführt, um weitere Ursachen herauszufinden und erste zentrale Ansatzpunkte für das abschließende Handlungskonzept zu finden. Dieses Konzept verfolgt primär die Intention, den Demographischen Wandel in den drei Gemeinden in der Art und Weise zukünftig zu gestalten, dass seine negativen Folgen vermieden bzw. zumindest abgemildert werden. Dazu ist es notwendig, auf die spezifischen Situationen vor Ort einzugehen und die praktische Umsetzbarkeit möglicher Handlungsempfehlungen zu berücksichtigen, damit das Konzept Eingang in die kommunalpolitische Planung findet und somit nicht nur einen Beitrag zur bevölkerungsgeographischen Forschung darstellt, sondern auch einen Nutzen für die kommunale Handlungspraxis stiftet.
Software systems have an increasing impact on our daily lives. Many systems process sensitive data or control critical infrastructure. Providing secure software is therefore inevitable. Such systems are rarely being renewed regularly due to the high costs and effort. Oftentimes, systems that were planned and implemented to be secure, become insecure because their context evolves. These systems are connected to the Internet and therefore also constantly subject to new types of attacks. The security requirements of these systems remain unchanged, while, for example, discovery of a vulnerability of an encryption algorithm previously assumed to be secure requires a change of the system design. Some security requirements cannot be checked by the system’s design but only at run time. Furthermore, the sudden discovery of a security violation requires an immediate reaction to prevent a system shutdown. Knowledge regarding security best practices, attacks, and mitigations is generally available, yet rarely integrated part of software development or covering evolution.
This thesis examines how the security of long-living software systems can be preserved taking into account the influence of context evolutions. The goal of the proposed approach, S²EC²O, is to recover the security of model-based software systems using co-evolution.
An ontology-based knowledge base is introduced, capable of managing common, as well as system-specific knowledge relevant to security. A transformation achieves the connection of the knowledge base to the UML system model. By using semantic differences, knowledge inference, and the detection of inconsistencies in the knowledge base, context knowledge evolutions are detected.
A catalog containing rules to manage and recover security requirements uses detected context evolutions to propose potential co-evolutions to the system model which reestablish the compliance with security requirements.
S²EC²O uses security annotations to link models and executable code and provides support for run-time monitoring. The adaptation of running systems is being considered as is round-trip engineering, which integrates insights from the run time into the system model.
S²EC²O is amended by prototypical tool support. This tool is used to show S²EC²O’s applicability based on a case study targeting the medical information system iTrust.
This thesis at hand contributes to the development and maintenance of long-living software systems, regarding their security. The proposed approach will aid security experts: It detects security-relevant changes to the system context, determines the impact on the system’s security and facilitates co-evolutions to recover the compliance with the security requirements.
This work is mainly concerned with multiple goals as indicators of stable as well as situation-specific motivation. During school lessons, pupils strive for competence-oriented goals as well as goals which target psychological well-being. The goal to enlarge one- competence and to acquire deeper knowledge (mastery goal), to attain normative competence (performance approach goal) as well as the goal to avoid the demonstration of lack ofrncompetence (performance avoidance goal) belong to the category of academic goals. The category of well-being goals includes the goal to avoid hard work (work avoidance goal) as well as the aim to interact socially with relevant peers (affiliation goal).
It is still unclear, however, if goals are best defined as fluctuating state or stable trait variables. Here, both aspects of goals are conceptualized differentially and their connection is explored in two studies based on a longitudinal design. Another question that is raised here is concerned with the explanation of state-goal-genesis. Different motivational theories serve as the basis for the development of a new framework model, which explores the genesis of state goal-components due to trait goal-components, situational appraisals and their interaction. In the literature, three effect models between appraisals and trait goals regarding the state goals are identified: a) appraisals and trait goals might predict state goals additively (additive effect), b) trait goals might influence the state goals mediated by the appraisals (reactive effect), or c) the trait goals may have differential effects on the state goals for low or high values of the appraisals (interaction effect). Moreover, assumptions on proximal consequences of state-goals are made within the framework model.
Study 1 comprised of two samples (N = 197 and N = 297). Both multiple goal factors as well as their state- and trait-components were validated empirically in a longitudinal design. State goal measures proved to be sensitive to situational influences and to be differentially valid compared to trait goal measures. Study 2 primarily dealt with the explanationrnof the genesis of state goals in actual learning situations. The basic assumptions of the framework model as well as the three effect models were explored systematically in a longitudinal design (N = 542). As expected, competence oriented goals correlated with adaptive indicators of learning processes (e.g., flow), while the well-being goals did not. The additive effect hypothesis was confirmed while the reactive effect hypothesis was rejected. With the help of latent moderator models, some interaction effects were identified which showed that trait goals were differentially predictive for state goals depending on the level of situational appraisals.
Within the field of Business Process Management, business rules are commonly used to model company decision logic and govern allowed company behavior. An exemplary business rule in the financial sector could be for example:
”A customer with a mental condition is not creditworthy”. Business rules are
usually created and maintained collaboratively and over time. In this setting,
modelling errors can occur frequently. A challenging problem in this context is
that of inconsistency, i.e., contradictory rules which cannot hold at the same
time. For instance, regarding the exemplary rule above, an inconsistency would
arise if a (second) modeller entered an additional rule: ”A customer with a mental condition is always creditworthy”, as the two rules cannot hold at the same
time. In this thesis, we investigate how to handle such inconsistencies in business
rule bases. In particular, we develop methods and techniques for the detection,
analysis and resolution of inconsistencies in business rule bases
Virtueller Konsum - Warenkörbe, Wägungsschemata und Verbraucherpreisindizes in virtuellen Welten
(2015)
Virtual worlds have been investigated by several academic disciplines for several years, e.g. sociology, psychology, law and education. Since the developers of virtual worlds have implemented aspects like scarcity and needs, even economic research has become interested in these virtual environments. Exploring virtual economies mainly deals with the research of trade regarding the virtual goods used to supply the emerged needs. On the one hand, economics analyzes the meaning of virtual trade according to the overall interpretation of the economical characteristics of virtual worlds. As some virtual worlds allow the change of virtual world money with real money and vice versa, virtual goods are traded by the users for real money, researchers on the other hand, study the impact of the interdependencies between virtual economies and the real world. The presented thesis mainly focuses on the trade within virtual worlds in the context of virtual consumption and the observation of consumer prices. Therefore, the four virtual worlds World of Warcraft, RuneScape, Entropia Universe and Second Life have been selected. There are several components required to calculate consumer price indices. First, a market basket, which contains the relevant consumed goods existing in virtual worlds, must be developed. Second, a weighting scheme has to be established, which shows the dispersion of consumer tendencies. Third, prices of relevant consumer goods have to be taken. Following real world methods, it is the challenge to apply those methods within virtual worlds. Therefore, this dissertation contains three corresponding investigation parts. Within a first analysis, it will be evaluated, in how far virtual worlds can be explored to identify consumable goods. As a next step, the consumption expenditures of the avatars will be examined based on an online survey. At last, prices of consumable goods will be recorded. Finally, it will be possible to calculate consumer price indices. While investigating those components, the thesis focuses not only on the general findings themselves, but also on methodological issues arising, like limited access to relevant data, missing legal legitimation or security concerns of the users. Beside these aspects, the used methods also allow the examination of several other economic aspects like the consumption habits of the avatars. At the end of the thesis, it will be considered to what extent virtual world economic characteristics can be compared with the real world.
Aspects like the important role of weapons or the different usage of food show significant differences to the real world, caused by the business models of virtual worlds.
Computer modelling of human partial body structures is becoming increasingly important for medical application. This is an interdisciplinary field of research in which new methods can be developed through the cooperation of physics, mathematics, computer visualistics and medicine. These methods can be used to make more precise statements about the mechanical loads of internal force-transmitting structures, such as intervertebral discs, ligaments, joints and muscles, during motion sequences.
At the beginning of this work, the importance of the need for research in computer modeling, specialized in the area of the spine, is presented.
In the following, the basic anatomical structures will be discussed, including intervertebral discs, ligaments, facet joints and musculature.
Algorithms are then developed to create individual lumbar spine models from CT data in a short time and semi-automatically. Methods will be developed to model the presented force transmitting structures of the spine, such as the intervertebral discs, ligaments, facet joints and muscles.
In addition different imaging methods (MRT data, x-ray film, x-ray functional images) will be presented and validate the lumbar spine models.
Finally, the algorithms developed will be used to create a larger number of individual lumbar spine models, which will then be examined for similarities and differences with regard to internal loads as well as for physiologically correct movement sequences. In particular, the relative momentary center of rotation between two adjacent vertebrae is calculated.
Eine Ursache des Insektenrückgangs ist die Abnahme der für Arthropoden wichtigen Lebensräume. Der kleinstrukturierte Obstanbau als Dauerkultur mit vielfältigen Strukturen (Bäume, Grünland, offener Boden) kann als Refugium wirken. Gerade Dauerkulturen, welche über viele Jahre bestehen bleiben, können einen großen ökologischen Wert für Insekten und Spinnentiere darstellen, wenn die negativen Einflüsse der Bewirtschaftung durch gezielte Maßnahmen minimiert werden. Im Gegensatz zu den gut untersuchten Streuobstwiesen liegen bisher nur wenige oder ungenaue Daten über die Arthropodenfauna in Erwerbsobstanlagen vor. Ziele dieser Arbeit sind eine genauere Erfassung der Arthropodenfauna in Erwerbsobstanlagen, Benennung der Einflussfaktoren und Erarbeitung einer indikatorgestützten Bewertungsmethode mit Entwicklung von Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Biodiversität. Es wurde eine intensive Erfassung der Insekten und Spinnentiere auf Basis von Individuenzahlen, Verteilung der Tiere auf Großgruppen, Artenzahlen der Käfer (inkl. Rote Liste) und Wanzen, deren Diversität und der sie beeinflussenden Faktoren auf vier Erwerbsobstflächen und einer Streuobstwiese als Referenzfläche in der Gemeinde Zornheim (Rheinland-Pfalz) untersucht. Mittels des erarbeiteten Bewertungsbogens wurden die Auswirkungen der fünf Faktorenkomplexe: Sonderstrukturen, Anlagenstruktur, Beschattung, Mahdregime und Einsatz von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf die Arthropodenfauna erhoben und die auf der Fläche zu erwartende Biodiversität ermittelt. Die visuelle Darstellung der Einflussfaktoren mit Netzdiagrammen zeigt biodiversitätsbeeinträchtigende Faktoren und ermöglicht so Empfehlungen zur Aufwertung der Biodiversität. Die Bewertungsmethode kann nach Verifizierung im Rahmen von erfolgsorientierten Agrarumwelt- und Klimamaßnahmen (AUKM), zur Anerkennung von Kompensationsmaßnahmen (z.B. PIK) und zur Ermittlung des ökologischen Wertes (Ökosystemdienstleistung) von Obstanlagen genutzt werden. In modifizierter Form könnte es ebenfalls im Bereich der Flächenbewertung in Landschafts- und Bauleitplanung eingesetzt werden.
The diversity within amphibian communities in cultivated areas in Rwanda and within two selected, taxonomically challenging groups, the genera Ptychadena and Hyperolius, were investigated in this thesis. The amphibian community of an agricultural wetland near Butare in southern Rwanda comprised 15 anuran species. Rarefaction and jackknife analyses corroborated that the complete current species richness of the assemblage had been recorded, and the results of acoustic niche analysis suggested species saturation of the community. Surveys at many other Rwandan localities showed that the species recorded in Butare are widespread in cultivated and pristine wetlands. The species were readily distinguishable using morphological, bioacoustic, and molecular (DNA barcoding) features, but only eight of the 15 species could be assigned unambiguously to nominal species. The remaining represented undescribed or currently unrecognized taxa, including three species of Hyperolius, two Phrynobatrachus species, one Ptychadena species, and one species of Amietia. The diversity of the Ridged Frogs in Rwanda was investigated in two studies (Chapters III and IV). Three species of Ptychadena were recorded in wetlands in the catchment of the Nile. They can be distinguished by morphological characters (morphometrics and qualitative features) as well as by their advertisement calls and genetics. The Rwandan species of the P. mascareniensis group was shown to differ from the topotypic population as well as from other genetic lineages in sub-Saharan Africa and an old available name, P. nilotica, was resurrected from synonymy for this lineage. Two further Ptychadena species were identified among voucher specimens from Rwanda deposited in the collection of the RMCA, P. chrysogaster and P. uzungwensis. Morphologically they can be unambiguously distinguished from each other and the three other Rwandan species. A key based on qualitative morphological characters was developed, which allows unequivocal identification of specimens of all species that have been recorded from Rwanda. DNA was isolated from a Rwandan voucher specimen of P. chrysogaster, and the genetic analysis corroborated the species" distinct status.
A species of Hyperolius collected in the Nyungwe National Park was compared to all other Rwandan species of the genus and to morphologically or genetically similar species from neighbouring countries. Its distinct taxonomic status was justified by morphological, bioacoustic, and molecular evidence and it was described as a new species, H. jackie. A species of the H. nasutus group collected at agricultural sites in Rwanda was described as a new species in the course of a revision of the species of the Hyperolius nasutus group. The group was shown to consist of 15 distinct species which can be distinguished from each other genetically, bioacoustically, and morphologically.
The aerial performance, i.e. parachuting, of the Disc-fingered Reed Frog, Hyperolius discodactylus, was described. It represents a novel observation of a behaviour that has been known from a number of Southeast Asian and Neotropical frog species. Parachuting frogs, including H. discodactylus, exhibit certain morphological characteristics and, while airborne, assume a distinct posture which is best-suited for maneuvering in the air. Another study on the species addressed the validity of the taxon H. alticola which had been considered either a synonym of H. discodactylus or a distinct species. Type material of both taxa was re-examined and the status of H. alticola reassessed using morphological data from historic and new collections, call recordings, and molecular data from animals collected on recent expeditions. A northern and a southern genetic clade were identified, a divide that is weakly supported by diverging morphology of the vouchers from the respective localities. No distinction in advertisement call features could be recovered to support this split and both genetic and morphological differences between the two geographic clades are marginal and not always congruent and more likely reflect population-level variation. Therefore it was concluded that H. alticola is not a valid taxon and should be treated as a synonym of H. discodactylus.
Tagging systems are intriguing dynamic systems, in which users collaboratively index resources with the so-called tags. In order to leverage the full potential of tagging systems, it is important to understand the relationship between the micro-level behavior of the individual users and the macro-level properties of the whole tagging system. In this thesis, we present the Epistemic Dynamic Model, which tries to bridge this gap between the micro-level behavior and the macro-level properties by developing a theory of tagging systems. The model is based on the assumption that the combined influence of the shared background knowledge of the users and the imitation of tag recommendations are sufficient for explaining the emergence of the tag frequency distribution and the vocabulary growth in tagging systems. Both macro-level properties of tagging systems are closely related to the emergence of the shared community vocabulary. rnrnWith the help of the Epistemic Dynamic Model, we show that the general shape of the tag frequency distribution and of the vocabulary growth have their origin in the shared background knowledge of the users. Tag recommendations can then be used for selectively influencing this general shape. In this thesis, we especially concentrate on studying the influence of recommending a set of popular tags. Recommending popular tags adds a feedback mechanism between the vocabularies of individual users that increases the inter-indexer consistency of the tag assignments. How does this influence the indexing quality in a tagging system? For this purpose, we investigate a methodology for measuring the inter-resource consistency of tag assignments. The inter-resource consistency is an indicator of the indexing quality, which positively correlates with the precision and recall of query results. It measures the degree to which the tag vectors of indexed resources reflect how the users perceive the similarity between resources. We argue with our model, and show it with a user experiment, that recommending popular tags decreases the inter-resource consistency in a tagging system. Furthermore, we show that recommending the user his/her previously used tags helps to increase the inter-resource consistency. Our measure of the inter-resource consistency complements existing measures for the evaluation and comparison of tag recommendation algorithms, moving the focus to evaluating their influence on the indexing quality.
Praktika als gängige Lehr-Lernformate in hochschulischen Kontexten setzen stets die Zusammenarbeit verschiedener Institutionen und Personen voraus, da Studierende mit einem Praktikum den Lernort der Universität verlassen und in einen beruflichen Handlungszusammenhang mit den zugehörigen organisationalen Strukturen versetzt werden. Praktika werden unter anderem als Elemente der Berufsorientierung gesellschaftliche Implikationen zugeschrieben. Als Format innerhalb eines hochschulischen Bildungsgangs sind sie darüber hinaus mit didaktischen Begründungen verbunden und durch die Beteiligung verschiedener Personen auch mit individuellen Interessen. Studierende sind während eines Praktikums in der Rolle als Praktikant*in in besonderer Weise individuell gefordert. Ergänzt werden diese Perspektiven durch die Betrachtung disziplinärer und professioneller Implikationen, die sich für Praktika erziehungswissenschaftlicher Studiengänge ergeben. Zusammenarbeit findet in Praktika zwischen Organisationen, in Organisationen und zwischen Personen statt. Der geringe Forschungsstand zu Perspektiven auf Fragen der Zusammenarbeit für in erziehungswissenschaftliche Studiengänge integrierte Praktika bietet den Anlass der Studie. Um die verschiedenen Perspektiven auf Praktika als Zusammenarbeit zu erheben, werden qualitative episodische Interviews sowohl mit den Studierenden und Lehrenden einer Universität, als auch mit für Praktika verantwortlichen Tätigen aus dem beruflichen Bereich durchgeführt, die nach der qualitativen inhaltlich strukturierenden Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet werden. Aus der Auswertung der geführten Interviews mit den drei Akteur*innen-Gruppen ergibt sich ein Einblick darin, wie sich Zusammenarbeit zwischen pädagogisch tätigen Institutionen, Universitäten und Studierenden in und durch Praktika konkretisiert. Es werden beispielsweise Aspekte der Interaktionsbezogenen Dimensionen beschrieben, wie auftauchende Dilemmata, Resonanzen, Kulturen des Umgangs, Interessenslagen und Konstellationen von Akteur*innen. Diese werden ergänzt um Aspekte der Dimensionen mit Bezug zu Institutionen, Umwelt, Aufgaben und Personen. Die Interviewaussagen von drei interviewten Akteur*innen-Gruppen Studierende, Praxisanleiter*innen, universitäre Lehrende werden vergleichend anhand dieser Dimensionen betrachtet und als Ergebnisse dieser Studie dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse liefern Aussagen dazu, wie Zusammenarbeit in Praktika erziehungswissenschaftlicher Studiengänge von den beteiligten Akteur*innen-Gruppen wahrgenommen wird. Dies kann dazu beitragen die differierenden Perspektiven anschlussfähig zu machen für die didaktische und organisatorische Gestaltung von Praktika durch Institutionen wie Universitäten und Praktikumseinrichtungen, aber auch durch Initiative von Studierenden in der Rolle als Praktikant*innen während eines erziehungswissenschaftlichen Studiums. Auch für weitere Forschungsprojekte zum Zusammenwirken der Beteiligten in Praktika kann die Studie Anstöße bieten.
Absicherung der analytischen Interpretation von Geolokalisierungsdaten in der Mobilfunkforensik
(2019)
Abstract
Location based services maybe are within one of the most outstanding features of modern mobile devices. Despite the fact, that cached geolocation data could be used to reconstruct motion profiles, the amount of devices capable to provide these information in the field of criminal investigations is growing.
Motivation
The aim of this work is to generate in-depth knowledge to questions concerning geolocation in the field of mobile forensics, making especially somehow cached geolocation data forensically valuable. On top, tools meeting the specific requirements of law enforcement personnel shall be developed.
Problems
Geolocation processes within smartphones are quite complex. For the device to locate its position, different reference systems like GPS, cell towers or WiFi hot\-spots are used in a variety of ways. The whole mobile geolocation mechanism is proprietary to the device manufacturer and not build with forensic needs in mind. One major problem regarding forensic investigations is, that mainly reference points are being extracted and processed instead of real life device location data. In addition, these geolocation information only consist of bits and bytes or numeric values that have to be securely assigned to their intended meaning. The location data recovered are full of gaps providing only a part of the process or device usage. This possible loss of data has to be determined deriving a reliable measurement for the completeness, integrity and accuracy of data. Last but not least, as for every evidence within a criminal investigation, it has to be assured, that manipulations of the data or errors in position estimation have no disadvantageous effect on the analysis.
Research Questions
In the context of localisation services in modern smartphones, it always comes back to similar questions during forensic everyday life:
* Can locations be determined at any time?
* How accurate is the location of a smartphone?
* Can location data from smartphones endure in court?
Approach
For a better understanding of geolocation processes in modern smartphones and to evaluate the quality and reliability of the geolocation artefacts, information from different platforms shall be theoretically analysed as well as observed in-place during the geolocation process. The connection between data points and localisation context will be examined in predefined live experiments as well as desktop- and native applications on smartphones.
Results
Within the scope of this thesis self developed tools have been used for forensic investigations as well as analytical interpretation of geodata from modern smartphones. Hereby a generic model for assessing the quality of location data has emerged, which can be generally applied to geodata from mobile devices.
Die vorliegende Dissertation leistet einen Beitrag zur historischen Frauenbildung in Deutschland. Gegenstand der Studie ist die Mädchenbildung im Zeitalter der Aufklärung. Da diese von der Pädagogik der Jungen stets getrennt betrachtet wurde und Bildung sich nach dem allgemeinen Verständnis bürgerlichen theoretischen Verstandes nur auf die Erziehung des jungen männlichen Geschlechts bezog, blieb die Frau von öffentlicher Bildung im 18. Jahrhundert weitgehend ausgeschlossen. An den Bildungsformen der Lesegesellschaften, der Salonkultur und der "Moralischen Wochenschriften" wird zunächst aufgezeigt, in welcher Weise es Frauen möglich war, sich dennoch Zugang zur Bildung zu verschaffen. Die beiden folgenden Kapitel behandeln La Roches und Campes Biografie. Im Fokus steht dabei ihrer beider Handeln im Feld der Mädchenerziehung und des Reisejournalismus. Vergleichend werden bildende Elemente hinsichtlich ihrer Hinwendung zur Französischen Revolution und des Reisejournalismus dargelegt. Die Betrachtung der Reiseberichte beider Autoren klärt, in welcher Form La Roche und Campe den politischen Reformbestrebungen des späten 18. Jahrhunderts folgen bzw. in welchem Maß sie den Idealen der voraufklärerischen Zeit unterliegen. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit stehen La Roches Briefe an Lina (1783/84) und Campes Väterlicher Rath für meine Tochter (1789). Die Mädchenratgeber spiegeln das pädagogische Konzept der Mädchenbildung beider Autoren wider. Eine Gegenüberstellung der Mädchenratgeber wird zeigen, inwieweit La Roche und Campe konservativen bzw. progressiven Leitbildern der Mädchenbildung folgen. Die Studie geht von der Ambivalenzthese aus, nach der La Roche und Campe innerhalb ihrer Denkweisen als Pädagogen und Reiseschriftsteller Gegensätze und Widersprüche aufweisen. Es soll geklärt werden, inwiefern La Roches Mädchenbildungskonzept von emanzipativen Vorstellungen geprägt ist, ihr politisches Denken hingegen konservativ erscheint, während Campes Mädchenbildungstheorie eher traditionell angelegt ist, seine politischen Ideale aber innovativ sind. In einer abschließenden Betrachtung werden die Ambivalenzen zwischen La Roches und Campes pädagogischen und politischen Anschauungen geklärt.
Technical products have become more than practical tools to us. Mobile phones, for example, are a constant companion in daily life. Besides purely pragmatic tasks, they fulfill psychological needs such as relatedness, stimulation, competence, popularity, or security. Their potential for the mediation of positive experience makes interactive products a rich source of pleasure. Research acknowledged this: in parallel to the hedonic/utilitarian model in consumer research, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) researchers broadened their focus from mere task-fulfillment (i.e., the pragmatic) to a holistic view, encompassing a product's ability for need-fulfillment and positive experience (i.e., the hedonic). Accordingly, many theoretical models of User Experience (UX) acknowledge both dimensions as equally important determinants of a product's appeal: pragmatic attributes (e.g., usability) as well as hedonic attributes (e.g., beauty). In choice situations, however, people often overemphasize the pragmatic, and fail to acknowledge the hedonic. This phenomenon may be explained by justification. Due to their need for justification, people attend to the justifiability of hedonic and pragmatic attributes rather than to their impact on experience. Given that pragmatic attributes directly contribute to task-fulfillment, they are far easier to justify than hedonic attributes. People may then choose the pragmatic over the hedonic, despite a true preference for the hedonic. This can be considered a dilemma, since people choose what is easy to justify and not what they enjoy the most. The present thesis presents a systematic exploration of the notion of a hedonic dilemma in the context of interactive products.
A first set of four studies explored the assumed phenomenon. Study 1 (N = 422) revealed a reluctance to pay for a hedonic attribute compared to a pragmatic attribute. Study 2 (N = 134) demonstrated that people (secretly) prefer a more hedonic product, but justify their choice by spurious pragmatic advantages. Study 3 (N = 118) confronted participants with a trade-off between hedonic and pragmatic quality. Even though the prospect of receiving a hedonic product was related to more positive affect, participants predominantly chose the pragmatic, especially those with a high need for justification. This correlation between product choice and perceived need for justification lent further support to the notion that justification lies at the heart of the dilemma. Study 4 (N = 125) explored affective consequences and justifications provided for hedonic and pragmatic choice. Data on positive affect suggested a true preference for the hedonic - even among those who chose the pragmatic product.
A second set of three studies tested different ways to reduce the dilemma by manipulating justification. Manipulations referred to the justifiability of attributes as well as the general need for justification. Study 5 (N = 129) enhanced the respective justifiability of hedonic and pragmatic choice by ambiguous product information, which could be interpreted according to latent preferences. As expected, enhanced justifiability led to an increase in hedonic but not in pragmatic choice. Study 6 (N = 178) manipulated the justifiability of hedonic choice through product information provided by a "test report", which suggested hedonic attributes as legitimate. Again, hedonic choice increased with increased justifiability. Study 7 (N = 133) reduced the general need for justification by framing a purchase as gratification. A significant positive effect of the gratification frame on purchase rates occurred for a hedonic but not for a pragmatic product.
Altogether, the present studies revealed a desire for hedonic attributes, even in interactive products, which often are still understood as purely pragmatic "tools". But precisely because of this predominance of pragmatic quality, people may hesitate to give in to their desire for hedonic quality in interactive products - at least, as long as they feel a need for justification. The present findings provide an enhanced understanding of the complex consequences of hedonic and pragmatic attributes, and indicate a general necessity to expand the scope of User Experience research to the moment of product choice. Limitations of the present studies, implications for future research as well as practical implications for design and marketing are discussed.
Abstract The present work investigates the wetting characteristics of soils with regard to their dependence on environmental parameters such as water content (WC), pH, drying temperature and wetting temperature of wettable and repellent soils from two contrasting anthropogenic sites, the former sewage disposal field Berlin-Buch and the inner-city park Berlin-Tiergarten. The aim of this thesis is to deepen the understanding of processes and mechanisms leading to changes in soil water repellency. This helps to gain further insight into the behaviour of soil organic matter (SOM) and identifying ways to prevent or reduce the negative effects of soil water repellency (SWR). The first focus of this work is to determine whether chemical reactions are required for wetting repellent samples. This hypothesis was tested by time and temperature dependence of sessile drop spreading on wettable and repellent samples. Additionally, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy was used to determine whether various drying regimes cause changes in the relative abundance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional groups in the outer layer of soil particles and whether these changes can be correlated with water content and the degree of SWR. Finally, by artificially altering the pH in dried samples applying acidic and alkaline reagents in a gaseous state, the influence of only pH on the degree of SWR was investigated separately from the influence of changes in moisture status. The investigation of the two locations Buch and Tiergarten, each exceptionally different in the nature of their respective wetting properties, leads to new insights in the variety of appearance of SWR. The results of temperature, water content and pH dependency of SWR on the two contrasting sites resulted in one respective hypothetical model of nature of repellency for each site which provides an explanation for most of the observations made in this and earlier studies: At the Tiergarten site, wetting characteristics are most likely determined by micelle-like arrangement of amphiphiles which depends on the concentration of water soluble amphiphilic substances, pH and ionic strength in soil solution. At low pH and at high ionic strength, repulsion forces between hydrophilic charged groups are minimized allowing their aggregation with outward orientated hydrophobic molecule moieties. At high pH and low ionic strength, higher repulsion forces between hydrophilic functional groups lead to an aggregation of hydrophobic groups during drying, which results in a layer with outward oriented hydrophilic moieties on soil organic matter surface leading to enhanced wettability. For samples from the Buch site, chemical reactions are necessary for the wetting process. The strong dependence of SWR on water content indicates that hydrolysis-condensation reactions are the controlling mechanisms. Since acid catalyzed hydrolysis is an equilibrium reaction dependent on water content, an excess of water favours hydrolysis leading to an increasing number of hydrophilic functional groups. In contrast, water deficiency favours condensation reactions leading to a reduction of hydrophilic functional groups and thus a reduction of wettability. The results of the present investigation and its comparison with earlier investigations clearly show that SWR is subject to numerous antagonistically and synergistically interacting environmental factors. The degree of influence, which a single factor exerts on SWR, is site-specific, e.g., it is dependent on special characteristics of mineral constituents and SOM which underlies the influence of climate, soil texture, topography, vegetation and the former and current use of the respective site.
This dissertation presents the application of the molecular LIBS method, a novelapproach of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), to optimize the detection of pitting chlorides in concrete structures, which are e.g. contaminated bydeicing salt in winter. Potentiometric titration as the standard method for chloride determination in building material analysis is costly and time-consuming. Ithas the decisive disadvantage that the determination of chloride concentrationis based on the total mass of the concrete and not on the cement content asrequired by the European standard EN 206. The imaging capabilities of LIBS forphase separation of the concrete meet this requirement. LIBS was already usedby BAM in 1998 in building material analysis, but the detection of chlorides withLIBS requires expensive helium purging and spectrometers outside the visiblespectral range to detect emissions of atomic chlorine. The approach of molecular LIBS is to quantify the emission of chloride-containing molecular radicalsformed during the cooling phase of the laser-induced plasma. The advantagescompared to conventional LIBS method are the emission in the visible spectralrange and the applicability without noble gas purging. In this thesis the influenceof the experimental components on the time behaviour of the relevant molecularemission bands is investigated, signal deviations due to plasma fluctuations aresignificantly reduced and for plasma analysis the molecular formation is simulated on atomistic scales and compared with standard methods. In simultaneousmeasurements, atomic and molecular Cl emission are directly compared and the quantification is optimized by data combination. Molecular LIBS will be extended to a quantifying and imaging method that can detect chlorides withoutnoble gas purging.
Navigation is a natural way to explore and discover content in a digital environment. Hence, providers of online information systems such as Wikipedia---a free online encyclopedia---are interested in providing navigational support to their users. To this end, an essential task approached in this thesis is the analysis and modeling of navigational user behavior in information networks with the goal of paving the way for the improvement and maintenance of web-based systems. Using large-scale log data from Wikipedia, this thesis first studies information access by contrasting search and navigation as the two main information access paradigms on the Web. Second, this thesis validates and builds upon existing navigational hypotheses to introduce an adaptation of the well-known PageRank algorithm. This adaptation is an improvement of the standard PageRank random surfer navigation model that results in a more "reasonable surfer" by accounting for the visual position of links, the information network regions they lead to, and the textual similarity between the link source and target articles. Finally, using agent-based simulations, this thesis compares user models that have a different knowledge of the network topology in order to investigate the amount and type of network topological information needed for efficient navigation. An evaluation of agents' success on four different networks reveals that in order to navigate efficiently, users require only a small amount of high-quality knowledge of the network topology. Aside from the direct benefits to content ranking provided by the "reasonable surfer" version of PageRank, the empirical insights presented in this thesis may also have an impact on system design decisions and Wikipedia editor guidelines, i.e., for link placement and webpage layout.
The Web contains some extremely valuable information; however, often poor quality, inaccurate, irrelevant or fraudulent information can also be found. With the increasing amount of data available, it is becoming more and more difficult to distinguish truth from speculation on the Web. One of the most, if not the most, important criterion used to evaluate data credibility is the information source, i.e., the data origin. Trust in the information source is a valuable currency users have to evaluate such data. Data popularity, recency (or the time of validity), reliability, or vagueness ascribed to the data may also help users to judge the validity and appropriateness of information sources. We call this knowledge derived from the data the provenance of the data. Provenance is an important aspect of the Web. It is essential in identifying the suitability, veracity, and reliability of information, and in deciding whether information is to be trusted, reused, or even integrated with other information sources. Therefore, models and frameworks for representing, managing, and using provenance in the realm of Semantic Web technologies and applications are critically required. This thesis highlights the benefits of the use of provenance in different Web applications and scenarios. In particular, it presents management frameworks for querying and reasoning in the Semantic Web with provenance, and presents a collection of Semantic Web tools that explore provenance information when ranking and updating caches of Web data. To begin, this thesis discusses a highly exible and generic approach to the treatment of provenance when querying RDF datasets. The approach re-uses existing RDF modeling possibilities in order to represent provenance. It extends SPARQL query processing in such a way that given a SPARQL query for data, one may request provenance without modifying it. The use of provenance within SPARQL queries helps users to understand how RDF facts arederived, i.e., it describes the data and the operations used to produce the derived facts. Turning to more expressive Semantic Web data models, an optimized algorithm for reasoning and debugging OWL ontologies with provenance is presented. Typical reasoning tasks over an expressive Description Logic (e.g., using tableau methods to perform consistency checking, instance checking, satisfiability checking, and so on) are in the worst case doubly exponential, and in practice are often likewise very expensive. With the algorithm described in this thesis, however, one can efficiently reason in OWL ontologies with provenance, i.e., provenance is efficiently combined and propagated within the reasoning process. Users can use the derived provenance information to judge the reliability of inferences and to find errors in the ontology. Next, this thesis tackles the problem of providing to Web users the right content at the right time. The challenge is to efficiently rank a stream of messages based on user preferences. Provenance is used to represent preferences, i.e., the user defines his preferences over the messages' popularity, recency, etc. This information is then aggregated to obtain a joint ranking. The aggregation problem is related to the problem of preference aggregation in Social Choice Theory. The traditional problem formulation of preference aggregation assumes a I fixed set of preference orders and a fixed set of domain elements (e.g. messages). This work, however, investigates how an aggregated preference order has to be updated when the domain is dynamic, i.e., the aggregation approach ranks messages 'on the y' as the message passes through the system. Consequently, this thesis presents computational approaches for online preference aggregation that handle the dynamic setting more efficiently than standard ones. Lastly, this thesis addresses the scenario of caching data from the Linked Open Data (LOD) cloud. Data on the LOD cloud changes frequently and applications relying on that data - by pre-fetching data from the Web and storing local copies of it in a cache - need to continually update their caches. In order to make best use of the resources (e.g., network bandwidth for fetching data, and computation time) available, it is vital to choose a good strategy to know when to fetch data from which data source. A strategy to cope with data changes is to check for provenance. Provenance information delivered by LOD sources can denote when the resource on the Web has been changed last. Linked Data applications can benefit from this piece of information since simply checking on it may help users decide which sources need to be updated. For this purpose, this work describes an investigation of the availability and reliability of provenance information in the Linked Data sources. Another strategy for capturing data changes is to exploit provenance in a time-dependent function. Such a function should measure the frequency of the changes of LOD sources. This work describes, therefore, an approach to the analysis of data dynamics, i.e., the analysis of the change behavior of Linked Data sources over time, followed by the investigation of different scheduling update strategies to keep local LOD caches up-to-date. This thesis aims to prove the importance and benefits of the use of provenance in different Web applications and scenarios. The exibility of the approaches presented, combined with their high scalability, make this thesis a possible building block for the Semantic Web proof layer cake - the layer of provenance knowledge.
Organic binder mixtures and process additives have been used in refractory materials for a long time due to their property-improving effect. Coal tar pitches in particular can contain thousands of chemical compounds, of which especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and thus pose a risk to both the environment and human health. However, despite intensive research, the exact structure of these carbon mixtures is still not fully clarified. This is becoming an increasing problem, especially with regard to more stringent legal requirements arising from REACH, the European Chemicals Regulation for the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals. Furthermore, the knowledge of the structural and chemical composition is also of great importance for optimal processing of the carbon mixtures to high-quality technical products. In the present work, an analytical strategy for the investigation of complex carbon mixtures containing PAHs is developed. Due to their complexity, a combination of different methods is used, including elemental analysis, solvent extraction, thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, raman and infrared spectroscopy as well as high-resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, a procedure for the evaluation of mass spectrometric data based on multivariate statistical methods such as hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis is developed. The application of the developed analytical strategy to various industrially used carbon-based binder mixtures allowed the elucidation of characteristic properties, including aromaticity, molecular mass distribution, degree of alkylation and elemental composition. It was also shown that combining high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry with multivariate statistical data analysis is a fast and effective tool for the classification of complex binder mixtures and the identification of characteristic molecular structures. In addition, the analytical strategy was applied to manufactured refractory products. Despite the small amount of the contained organic phase, characteristic structural features of each sample could be identified and extracted, which enabled an unambiguous classification of the refractory products.
Die bisherige Forschung zur Diagnosekompetenz hat trotz langjähriger Forschungstraditionen für die Praxis kaum relevante Befunde erbracht. Dies wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit als Anlass für den Vorschlag genommen, diagnostische Kompetenz als reine Urteilsgenauigkeit, gemäß der Komponentenanalyse nach Cronbach (1955), zu erweitern. Mit der Einführung der Beobachtungskompetenz als einer weiteren Facette diagnostischer Kompetenz knüpft die vorliegende Studie zudem an der Forschung zu formativem Assessment an.
Die zentralen Fragen der Arbeit beziehen sich darauf, wie die beiden Facetten der diagnostischen Kompetenz Urteilsgenauigkeit und Beobachtungskompetenz von pädagogischen Fachkräften im Elementarbereich ausgeprägt sind, ob diese Facetten zusammenhängen und wie sie durch bereichsspezifische Fortbildungen und explizit durch verschiedene Fortbildungsansätze (Lehrgangs- vs. Lernwegsorientierung) verändert werden können. Untersucht wurden insgesamt 103 Erzieherinnen aus 21 Einrichtungen mit eigens für die Arbeit entwickelten Instrumenten (Fragebögen, Filmvignetten).
Zur Beantwortung der ersten Forschungsfrage, wie die bereichsspezifische diagnostische Kompetenz von Erzieherinnen hinsichtlich der Facetten Urteilsgenauigkeit und Beobachtungskompetenz ausgeprägt ist, zeigt sich, dass Erzieherinnen das Niveau ihrer Gruppe im Vergleich der Urteilsgenauigkeits-Komponenten am besten einschätzen können (Niveaukomponente), mit Tendenz zur Überschätzung. Auch die Wahrnehmung von Unterschieden zwischen den Kindern ihrer Gruppe gelingt ihnen gut (Personenkomponente), dabei neigen sie eher zu einer Überschätzung der Heterogenität. Wesentlich schwerer fällt es ihnen, spezifische Aufgabenschwierigkeiten im mathematischen Bereich korrekt einzuschätzen (Merkmalskomponente) und Unterschiede zwischen den Kindern im Hinblick auf einzelne Aufgaben (Wechselwirkungskomponente) zu beurteilen. Die Erzieherinnen sind jedoch sehr gut in der Lage, die Kinder entsprechend ihrer Leistungen in eine Rangreihenfolge zu bringen, wie es die Korrelationskomponente der Personenkomponente zeigt. Die Beobachtungskompetenz von Erzieherinnen zeigt sich in der Anzahl erkannter Fähigkeiten von Kindern während verschiedener Tätigkeiten mit mathematischem Bezug. Dabei wurde der Schwierigkeitsgrad der Beobachtung mittels Expertinneneinschätzung berücksichtigt. Die Erzieherinnen erkennen durchschnittlich die Hälfte der mathematischen Fähigkeiten von Kindern in verschiedenen komplexen Alltagssituationen bei mathematischen Tätigkeiten. Die zweite Forschungsfrage, ob es einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Urteilsgenauigkeit und der Beobachtungskompetenz gibt, kann klar beantwortet werden. Erwartungswidrig zeigt die vorliegende Untersuchung, dass die Facetten Urteilsgenauigkeit und Beobachtungskompetenz voneinander unabhängig sind. Damit konnte die Annahme, dass auf der einen Seite eine genaue summative Beurteilung auf einer Vielzahl kompetenter Einzelbeobachtungen beruht, auf der anderen Seite aber häufige gezielte Einzelbeobachtungen in ihrer Summe zu einem genaueren Gesamturteil führen, nicht bestätigt werden. Die dritte Forschungsfrage, ob eine bereichsspezifische Fortbildung von Erzieherinnen zur Verbesserung ihrer Urteilsgenauigkeit führt, muss verneint werden. Dagegen beeinflusst der Faktor Zeit (neun Monate zwischen Prä- und Posttest) die Fähigkeit der Erzieherinnen, Unterschiede zwischen den Kindern signifikant besser wahrzunehmen (Personenkomponente) und spezifische Aufgabenschwierigkeiten signifikant besser einzuschätzen (Merkmalskomponente). Damit verbessert sich auch die globale Urteilsgenauigkeit über die Zeit signifikant. Auf die Einschätzung des Leistungsniveaus der Gruppe (Niveaukomponente) sowie von Unterschieden zwischen den Kindern für einzelne Items (Wechselwirkungskomponente) hat jedoch auch der Faktor Zeit keinen signifikanten Einfluss.
Die vierte Forschungsfrage, ob die Unterschiede in der Veränderung der Urteilsgenauigkeit von Erzieherinnen davon abhängig sind, nach welchem Ansatz sie Kinder bereichsspezifisch fördern, lässt sich zusammenfassend verneinen. Die Art und Weise der bereichsspezifischen Förderung spielt keine Rolle für die Variabilität der Urteilsgenauigkeit von Erzieherinnen. Auch die Unterschiedlichkeit in den einzelnen Urteilsgenauigkeitskomponenten lässt sich nicht auf die Art der Fortbildung zurückführen.
Die fünfte Forschungsfrage, ob sich die Beobachtungskompetenz von Erzieherinnen durch eine bereichsspezifische Fortbildung beeinflussen lässt, kann aufgrund einer signifikanten Zunahme der Beobachtungskompetenz nach nur zwei Fortbildungstagen bejaht werden. Damit wird die These gestützt, dass eine Fortbildung zur bereichsspezifischen Förderung für eine gezielte und damit fokussiertere Wahrnehmung früher bereichsspezifischer Kompetenzen bedeutsam ist, selbst wenn sie nicht explizit auf diagnostische Kompetenz, sondern allgemein auf Förderung ausgerichtet ist
Die sechste Forschungsfrage zielt auf Veränderungen der Beobachtungskompetenz von Erzieherinnen in Abhängigkeit von Fortbildungen in verschiedenen bereichsspezifischen Förderansätzen ab. Für eine Zunahme der Beobachtungskompetenz, so zeigt sich, spielt der bereichsspezifische Ansatz, welcher der Fortbildung zugrunde gelegt ist, keine Rolle.
Die vorliegende Studie ist die erste Arbeit, die sowohl Beobachtungskompetenz (Forschung zu formativem Assessment) als auch Urteilsgenauigkeit (Accuracy-Forschung) anhand derselben Stichprobe untersucht. Trotz des im Ergebnis nicht nachgewiesenen Zusammenhangs zwischen Urteilsgenauigkeit und Beobachtungskompetenz stellt die Studie für die zukünftige Forschung bedeutsame Hinweise für die weitere Untersuchung der Facetten diagnostischer Kompetenz bereit.
Im Hinblick auf den frühpädagogischen Kontext zeigt die vorliegende Arbeit zum einen, dass ein ökologisch valides Treatment (Fortbildung) in einem Umfang von zwei Tagen implizit zu einer Verbesserung diagnostischer Kompetenzen führen kann. Zum anderen wird hier erstmalig im deutschsprachigen Raum die Messung der Urteilsgenauigkeit unter vollumfänglicher Erfüllung eines auf Hoge und Coladarci (1989) beruhenden Anforderungsprofils durchgeführt. Ein weiteres Alleinstellungsmerkmal dieser Studie ist die erstmals mit einer Mindestanzahl von vier Einschätzungen pro Erzieherin unter Berücksichtigung der Kontaktzeiten zwischen Erzieherinnen und Bezugskindern erfolgte Erhebung der Urteilsgenauigkeit von Erzieherinnen.
Auf der Basis originaler Krankenakten von schizophrenen Frauen aus Heil- und Pflegeanstalten wurden die Einstellungen und Verhaltensdispositionen der Anstaltspsychiater hinsichtlich der praktischen Umsetzung des Gesetzes zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses untersucht. Im Zentrum der retrospektiven Studie standen die Fragen: (1) nach der institutionsbezogenen und organisatorischen Umsetzung des Gesetzes zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses durch die Anstaltspsychiater der Heil- und Pflegeanstalten. (2) nach dem Einfluss der nationalsozialistisch gelenkten eugenischen Gesundheitspolitik auf die ärztlichen Einstellungen und das ärztliche Entscheidungsverhalten hinsichtlich der Beantragung einer Zwangssterilisation bei schizophrenen Patientinnen. (3) nach der Anwendung eines klinischen Diagnoseschemas und der Untersuchung und Dokumentation von Nachweisen zur Erblichkeit der Schizophrenie bei der Diagnose- und Antragsstellung. (4) nach den selektiven ärztlichen Entscheidungsprozessen im Zusammenhang mit der Antragstellung auf Unfruchtbarmachung auf der Basis der ärztlichen Dokumentationen in den Krankenakten und den erhobenen sozialanamnestischen Daten. (5) nach dem weiteren Krankheitsverlauf und möglichen Auswirkungen des Zwangseingriffs bei den zwangssterilisierten Patientinnen. (6) nach dem Umfang von Wiedergutmachungsverfahren in der Nachkriegszeit für die von der Zwangssterilisation betroffenen Frauen.
The dissertation examines the self-concept of Indian religious women in German care institutions. For the analysis, the method of grounded theory was selected from empirical social research. The investigation field interviewed 26 Indian religious women and 5 employers. The theoretical foundations of mission history were the standard of the missionary ministry, the expression of the German and Indian concept of care, the concept of culture in its structural conditionality of dimensions and models with reference to the organization "religious community".
The direct relation to the research question was served by the hierarchical self-concept model according to Shalveson and another model by Bracken, which was used to interpret the empirical results. In the five core categories and their subcategories, the main motive was "being a missionary". Indian religious women refer to themselves as "European missionaries" and want to bring the love of Christ to the sick, the needy and the elderly through their care and nursing work.
In order for the Indian religious women to be able to work even more optimally in their self-concept in Germany, it is advisable to develop a requirement profile, to consider certain framework conditions in advance and to design new models of life.
Sediment transport contributes to the movement of inorganic and organic material in rivers. The construction of a dam interrupts the continuity of this sediment transport through rivers, causing sediments to accumulate within the reservoir. Reservoirs can also act as carbon sinks and methane can be released when organic matter in the sediment is degraded under anoxic conditions. Reservoir sedimentation poses a great threat to the sustainability of reservoirs worldwide, and can emit the potent greenhouse gas methane into the atmosphere. Sediment management measures to rehabilitate silted reservoirs are required to achieve both better water quantity and quality, as well as to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
This thesis aims at the improvement of sediment sampling techniques to characterize sediment deposits as a basis for accurate and efficient water jet dredging and to monitor the dredging efficiency by measuring the sediment concentration. To achieve this, we investigated freeze coring as a method to sample (gas-bearing) sediment in situ. The freeze cores from three reservoirs obtained were scanned using a non-destructive X-Ray CT scan technique. This allows the determination of sediment stratification and character-ization of gas bubbles to quantify methane emissions and serve as a basis for the identi-fication of specific (i.e. contaminated) sediment layers to be dredged. The results demon-strate the capability of freeze coring as a method for the characterization of (gas-bearing) sediment and overcomes certain limitations of commonly used gravity cores. Even though the core’s structure showed coring disturbances related to the freezing process, the general core integrity seems to not have been disturbed. For dredging purposes, we analyzed the impact pressure distribution and spray pattern of submerged cavitating wa-ter jets and determined the effects of impinging distances and angles, pump pressures and spray angles. We used an adapted Pressure Measurement Sensing technique to enhance the spatial distribution, which proved to be a comparatively easy-to-use meas-urement method for an improved understanding of the governing factors on the erosional capacity of cavitating water jets. Based on this data, the multiple linear regression model can be used to predict the impact pressure distribution of those water jets to achieve higher dredging accuracy and efficiency. To determine the dredging operational efficien-cy, we developed a semi-continuous automated measurement device to measure the sediment concentration of the slurry. This simple and robust device has lower costs, compared to traditional and surrogate sediment concentration measurement technolo-gies, and can be monitored and controlled remotely under a wide range of concentrations and grain-sizes, unaffected by entrained gas bubbles
Die Entwicklung von naturwissenschaftlichen Konzepten und Bildungssprache beginnt schon vor dem Schuleintritt und bildungssprachliche und naturwissenschaftliche Kompetenzen werden als wichtige Faktoren für Schulerfolg angesehen (Ehlich, Bredel & Reich, 2008; Saçkes, Trundle & Bell, 2013). Die frühe Förderung dieser Kompetenzen ist deshalb sinnvoll.
Lernumgebungen, die naturwissenschaftliche Konzepte fördern (Hardy, Möller & Stern, 2006; Leuchter, Saalbach & Hardy, 2014), zeichnen sich ebenso wie Lernumgebungen, die Bildungssprache fördern (Gibbons, 2006; Quehl & Trapp, 2013), dadurch aus, dass sie zum Sammeln eigener Erfahrungen (z.B. beim Experimentieren) und zum Versprachlichen und Begründen eigener Gedanken anregen (z.B. in Planungs- und Reflexionsphasen). Die zur Förderung von Bildungssprache erforderliche sprachliche Komplexität wird besonders in Gesprächen herausgefordert, die außerhalb der Experimentiersituation, d.h. kontext-reduziert, stattfinden (Gibbons, 2006; Quehl & Trapp, 2013). Bisherige Forschung untersucht allerdings entweder sprachliche oder konzeptuelle Fortschritte und dies überwiegend im schulischen Kontext. Eine gemeinsame Betrachtung beider Bereiche bei Vorschulkindern fehlt bisher. Die zentrale Forschungsfrage der Arbeit lautet daher: „Welche Effekte haben kontext-reduzierte Gespräche auf Vorstellungen von Vorschulkindern zu zweiseitigen Hebeln und deren bildungssprachliche Lexik und Grammatik?“
Die Effekte kontext-reduzierter Gespräche wurden in einem quasi-experimentellen Design (N = 90) mit drei Gruppen untersucht. Alle Gruppen nahmen an Experimentierphasen zu zweiseitigen Hebeln teil. Zwei Gruppen erhielten außerdem Planungs- und Reflexionsphasen mit verbalen Unterstützungsmaßnahmen. In der kontext-reduzierten Bedingung fanden die Planungs- und Reflexionsgespräche in raum-zeitlicher Trennung zum Experimentiermaterial statt, in der kontextualisierten Bedingung stand den Kindern das Material auch während der Planungs- und Reflexionsphasen zur Verfügung.
Zwischen kontext-reduzierten und kontextualisierten Gesprächen konnten weder signifikante Unterschiede im naturwissenschaftlichen Konzept noch in den bildungssprachlichen Kompetenzen gefunden werden. Ein signifikanter Fördereffekt von Planungs- und Reflexionsgesprächen gegenüber der reinen Experimentierphase ohne Gespräche zeigt sich für konzeptuelle Vorstellungen zu zweiseitigen Hebeln, jedoch nicht für bildungssprachliche Lexik und Grammatik. Diese Ergebnisse lassen sich aus dem theoretischen Hintergrund nur bedingt erklären und geben Anlass für weitere Forschung.
Wild bees are essential for the pollination of wild and cultivated plants. However, within the
last decades, the increasing intensification of modern agriculture has led to both a reduction and fragmentation as well as a degradation of the habitats wild bees need. The resulting loss of pollinators and their pollination poses an immense challenge to global food production. To support wild bees, the availability of flowering resources is essential. However, the flowering period of each resource is temporally limited and has different effects on pollinators and their pollination, depending on the time of their flowering.
Therefore, to efficiently promote and manage wild bee pollinators in agricultural landscapes, we identified species-specific key floral resources of three selected wild bee species and their spatial and temporal availability (CHAPTERS 2, 3 & 4). We examined, which habitat types predominantly provide these resources (CHAPTERS 3 & 4). We also investigated whether floral resource maps based on the use of these key resources and their spatial and temporal availability explain the abundance and development of the selected wild bees (CHAPTERS 3 & 4) and pollination (CHAPTER 5) better than habitat maps, that only indirectly account for the availability of floral resources.
For each of the species studied, we were able to identify different key pollen sources, predominantly woody plants in the early season (April/May) and increasingly herbaceous plants in the later season (June/July; CHAPTERS 2, 3 & 4). The open woody semi-natural habitats of our agricultural landscapes provided about 75% of the floral resources for the buff-tailed bumblebees, 60% for the red mason bees, and 55% for the horned mason bees studied, although they accounted for only 3% of the area (CHAPTERS 3 & 4). In addition, fruit orchards provided about 35% of the floral resources for the horned mason bees on 4% of the landscape area (CHAPTER 3). We showed that both mason bee species benefited from the resource availability in the surrounding landscapes (CHAPTER 3). Yet this was not the case for the bumblebees (CHAPTER 4). Instead, the weight gain of their colonies, the number of developed queen cells and their colony survival were higher with increasing proximity to forests. The proximity to forests also had a positive effect on the mason bees studied (CHAPTER 3). In addition, the red mason bees benefited from herbaceous semi-natural habitats. The proportion of built-up areas had a negative effect on the horned mason bees, and the proportion of arable land on the red mason bees. The habitat maps explained horned mason bee abundances equally well as the floral resource maps, but red mason bee abundances were distinctly better explained by key floral resources. The pollination of field bean increased with higher proportions of early floral resources, whereas synchronous floral resources showed no measurable reduction in their pollination (CHAPTER 5). Habitat maps also explained field bean pollination better than floral resource maps. Here, pollination increased with increasing proportions of built-up areas in the landscapes and decreased with increasing proportions of arable land.
Our results highlight the importance of the spatio-temporal availability of certain key species as resource plants of wild bees in agricultural landscapes. They show that habitat maps are ahead of, or at least equal to, spatio-temporally resolved floral resource maps in predicting wild bee development and pollination. Nevertheless, floral resource maps allow us to draw more accurate conclusions between key floral resources and the organisms studied. The proximity to forest edges had a positive effect on each of the three wild bee species studied. However, besides pure food availability, other factors seem to co-determine the occurrence of wild bees in agricultural landscapes.
Die vorliegende Arbeit gliedert sich im Wesentlichen in vier Bereiche. Sie gibt einen Überblick über die aktuellen Entwicklungen einer Pädagogik für Menschen mit Förderbedarf im Bereich ihrer geistigen Entwicklung und versucht eine Fokussierung von paradigmatischen Entwicklungen hin zu einer inklusiven Bildung mit dem Anspruch einer angemessenen Qualitätssicherung des Bildungsangebotes. Nach der Einleitung und einer allgemeinen theoretischen Verortung der Fragestellung werden im zweiten Kapitel begrifflichen Grundlagen gelegt sowie das Konzept einer inklusiven Bildung und der selbstbestimmten Teilhabe an allen gesellschaftlichen Prozessen einschließlich des theoretischen Modells des Empowerments hergeleitet. Das dritte Kapitel befasst sich mit aktuellen Aspekten curricularer Entwicklungen für Schüler mit Förderbedarf im Bereich ihrer geistigen Entwicklung einschließlich der Diskussion von möglichen input-orientierten Bildungsstandards in der Sonderpädagogik. Im vierten Kapitel werden Grundlagen der Organisationsentwicklung und des Qualitätsmanagements für Förderzentren erläutert sowie Evaluationsmöglichkeiten dargestellt und für die unmittelbare Praxisanwendung realisiert.
Recent EU-frameworks enforce the implementation of risk mitigation measures for nonpoint-source pesticide pollution in surface waters. Vegetated surface flow treatments systems (VTS) can be a way to mitigate risk of adverse effects in the aquatic ecosystems following unavoidable pollution after rainfall-related runoff events. Studies in experimental wetland cells and vegetated ditch mesocosms with common fungicides, herbicides and insecticides were performed to assess efficiency of VTS. Comprehensive monitoring of fungicide exposure after rainfall-related runoff events and reduction of pesticide concentrations within partially optimised VTS was performed from 2006-2009 at five vegetated detention ponds and two vegetated ditches in the wine growing region of the Southern Palatinate (SW-Germany).
Influence of plant density, size related parameters and pesticide properties in the performance of the experimental devices, and the monitored systems were the focus of the analysis. A spatial tool for prediction of pesticide pollution of surface waters after rainfall-related runoff events was programmed in a geographic information system (GIS). A sophisticated and high resolution database on European scale was built for simulation. With the results of the experiments, the monitoring campaign and further results of the EU-Life Project ArtWET mitigation measures were implemented in a georeferenced spatial decision support system. The database for the GIS tools was built with open data. The REXTOX (ratio of exposure to toxicity) Risk Indicator, which was proposed by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), was extended, and used for modeling the risk of rainfall-related runoff exposure to pesticides, for all agricultural waterbodies on European scale. Results show good performance of VTS. The vegetated ditches and wetland cells of the experimental systems showed a very high reduction of more than 90% of pesticide concentrations and potential adverse effects. Vegetated ditches and wetland cells performed significantly better than devices without vegetation. Plant density and sorptivity of the pesticide were the variables with the highest explanatory power regarding the response variable reduction of concentrations. In the experimental vegetated ditches 65% of the reduction of peak concentrations was explained with plant density and KOC. The monitoring campaign showed that concentrations of the fungicides and potential adverse effects of the mixtures were reduced significantly within vegetated ditches (Median 56%) and detention ponds (Median 38%) systems. Regression analysis with data from the monitoring campaign identified plant density and size related properties as explanatory variables for mitigation efficiency (DP: R²=0.57, p<0.001; VD:
R²=0.19, p<0.001). Results of risk model runs are the input for the second tool, simulating three risk mitigation measures. VTS as risk mitigation measures are implemented using the results for plant density and size related performance of the experimental and monitoring studies, supported by additional data from the ArtWET project. Based on the risk tool, simulations can be performed for single crops, selected regions, different pesticide compounds and rainfall events. Costs for implementation of the mitigation measures are estimated. Experiments and monitoring, with focus on the whole range of pesticides, provide novel information on VTS for pesticide pollution. The monitoring campaign also shows that fungicide pollution may affect surface waters. Tools developed for this study are easy to use and are not only a good base for further spatial analysis but are also useful as decision support of the non-scientific community. On a large scale, the tools on the one hand can help to compute external costs of pesticide use with simulation of mitigation costs on three levels, on the other hand feasible measures mitigating or remediating the effects of nonpoint-source pollution can be identified for implementation. Further study of risk of adverse effects caused by fungicide pollution and long-time performance of optimised VTS is needed.
Im Kontext chronischer Schmerzerkrankungen sind neben dem physischem Schmerzerleben auch Emotionen, wie Depressivität, Angst, Scham und Ärger von großer Relevanz. So leiden beispielsweise ca. 70 % der Menschen mit chronischen Schmerzen unter wiederkehrendem Ärger. Die Forschung zu spezifischen emotionsfokussierten psychologischen Behandlungsansätzen ist jedoch begrenzt. Eine Möglichkeit der Behandlung könnten sogenannte mitgefühlsbasierte Ansätze darstellen. So ist Selbstmitgefühl bei chronischem Schmerz beispielsweise assoziiert mit einer geringeren Schmerzintensität sowie geringerer physischer und emotionaler Beeinträchtigung, wie Depressivität, Angst und Ärger. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die Relevanz von Selbstmitgefühl im Kontext von akutem und chronischem Schmerz unter der besonderen Berücksichtigung von Ärger evaluiert.
Zunächst wuden in einem Überblicksartikel Interventionsstudien (N = 19) zu Behandlungsansätzen von chronischen Schmerzen zusammengefasst, welche Veränderungen in Ärger oder verwandten Aspekten berichteten (Studie 1). Nur zwei der eingeschlossenen Studien untersuchten spezifische Interventionen zur Bewältigung von Ärger. Insgesamt wiesen die Studien große Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Qualität, Stichprobe, Intervention (Art, Dauer, Setting) wie auch der Messinstrumente für Ärger auf. Die vielversprechendsten Ergebnisse zeigten sich für akzeptanz- und mitgefühlsbasierte Ansätze. Als mögliche Fundierung zukünftiger Forschung wurde zudem das „Prozess Modell der Ärger-Regulation bei chronischem Schmerz“ vorgeschlagen und diskutiert.
Da sich mitgefühlsbasierte Ansätze als potentiell wirksam zur Bewältigung von Ärger erwiesen, wurde die Relevanz von Selbstmitgefühl im Kontext von chronischem Schmerz anhand einer kontrollierten Längsschnittstudie (t1: NT1 = 1228; t2: NT2 = 376) evaluiert (Studie 2 & 3). In Studie 2 wurde Selbstmitgefühl anhand der zwei Faktoren „compassionate self-responding (CS)“ und „reduced uncompassionate self-responding (RUS)“ definiert. Hierbei erwies sich CS als distinktes Konstrukt im Vergleich zu Psychologischer Inflexibilität und Selbstwert. RUS und Selbstwert schienen das gleiche latente Konstrukt zu repräsentieren. Die
Relevanz dieser Konzepte für schmerzbezogene Konzepte, wie auch Depressivität und Ärger wurde in Studie 3 überprüft. Nur RUS und nicht CS stellte hierbei einen eigenständigen Prädiktor für schmerzbezogene Aspekte dar. Psychologische Inflexibilität, genauer Vermeidungsverhalten, erwies sich zudem als Prädiktor mit breiterer Relevanz, jedoch konnte keiner der untersuchten Prädiktoren eigenständig Ärger vorhersagen.
Die Relevanz von Selbstmitgefühl zur Bewältigung von akutem Schmerz wurde in einer experimentellen Studie evaluiert (Studie 4). Die Emotionsregulationsstrategien Selbstmitgefühl, Akzeptanz und Ablenkung erwiesen sich als vergleichbar hilfreich hinsichtlich Schmerztoleranz, -Intensität und –Aversion.
Selbstmitgefühl scheint demnach auch im Kontext von Schmerz vor allem in spezifischen Kontexten oder für bestimmte Subgruppen von Bedeutung zu sein. Zukünftige Forschung sollte sich daher auf einen adaptiven Einsatz der Emotionsregulationsstrategie Selbstmitgefühl konzentrieren. Im Speziellen sollte die Wirkung von mitgefühlsbasierten Interventionen auf Ärger bei Schmerz genauer evaluiert werden.
Im schulischen Kontext wird dem Prozess der Erkenntnisgewinnung in eigenverantwortlichen Lernprozessen immer mehr Bedeutung beigemessen. Experimentelles Arbeiten wird in den nationalen Bildungsstandards als Prozess beschrieben, welcher vier Teil-schritte durchläuft: (1) Fragestellung entwickeln, (2) Experimente durchführen, (3) Daten notieren und (4) Schlussfolgerung ziehen [1]. In der fachdidaktischen Forschung gibt es bisher keine Untersuchungen, die explizit den Teilschritt der Datenaufnahme und dessen Bedeutung behandeln.
In dieser Arbeit werden die unterschiedlichen Definitionen der naturwissenschaftlichen Protokollformen voneinander abgegrenzt sowie im Rahmen von drei Teilstudien die Bedeutung des Protokollierens für die Lernwirksamkeit untersucht. Zusätzlich wird eine Auswertungsmethode für die Qualität von Erarbeitungsprotokollen vorgestellt.
Systemic neonicotinoids are one of the most widely used insecticide classes worldwide. In addition to their use in agriculture, they are increasingly applied on forest trees as a protective measure against insect pests. However, senescent leaves containing neonicotinoids might, inter alia during autumn leaf fall, enter nearby streams. There, the hydrophilic neonicotinoids may be remobilized from leaves to water resulting in waterborne exposure of aquatic non-target organisms. Despite the insensitivity of the standard test species Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Cladocera) toward neonicotinoids, a potential risk for aquatic organisms is evident as many other aquatic invertebrates (in particular insects and amphipods) display adverse effects when exposed to neonicotinoids in the ng/L- to low µg/L-range. In addition to waterborne exposure, in particular leaf-shredding invertebrates (= shredders) might be adversely affected by the introduction of neonicotinoid-contaminated leaves into the aquatic environment since they heavily rely on leaf litter as food source. However, dietary neonicotinoid exposure of aquatic shredders has hardly received any attention from researchers and is not considered during aquatic environmental risk assessment. The primary aim of this thesis is, therefore, (1) to characterize foliar neonicotinoid residues and exposure pathways relevant for aquatic shredders, (2) to investigate ecotoxicological effects of waterborne and dietary exposure on two model shredders, namely Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea, Amphipoda) and Chaetopteryx villosa (Insecta, Trichoptera), and (3) to identify biotic and abiotic factors potentially modulating exposure under field conditions.
During the course of this thesis, ecotoxicologically relevant foliar residues of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid, thiacloprid and acetamiprid were quantified in black alder trees treated at field relevant levels. A worst-case model – developed to simulate imidacloprid water concentrations resulting from an input of contaminated leaves into a stream – predicted only low aqueous imidacloprid concentrations (i.e., ng/L-range). However, the model identified dietary uptake as an additional exposure pathway relevant for shredders up to a few days after the leaves’ introduction into the stream. When test organisms were simultaneously exposed (= combined exposure) to neonicotinoids leaching from leaves into the water and via the consumption of contaminated leaves, adverse effects exceeded those observed under waterborne exposure alone. When exposure pathways were separated using a flow-through system, dietary exposure towards thiacloprid-contaminated leaves caused similar sublethal adverse effects in G. fossarum as observed under waterborne exposure. Moreover, the effect sizes observed under combined exposure were largely predictable using the reference model “independent action”, which assumes different molecular target sites to be affected. Dietary toxicity for shredders might, however, be reduced under field conditions since UV-induced photodegradation and leaching decreased imidacloprid residues in leaves and thereby the toxicity for G. fossarum. In contrast, both shredders were found unable to actively avoid dietary exposure. This thesis thus recommends considering dietary exposure towards systemic insecticides, such as neonicotinoids, already during their registration to safeguard aquatic shredders, associated ecosystem functions (e.g., leaf litter breakdown) and ultimately ecosystem integrity.
Die Arbeit stellt die Frage nach den Effekten einer tertiären Präventionsmaßnahme in Bezug auf Schmerzbewältigung und Schmerzveränderung bei chronischen Lumbalgiepatienten. Im Rahmen der Überprüfung werden ausdifferenzierte psychophysische Interventionsmaßnahmen aus den Bereichen der Physiotherapie/Krankengymnastik und Psychologie eingesetzt. Die Gruppenunterteilung erfolgt in eine behandelte Versuchsgruppe und eine unbehandelte Warte-Kontrollgruppe mit jeweils 100 Probanden (N=200). Die Ergebnisse der tertiären Präventionsmaßnahme zeigen statistisch und klinisch relevante sowie positive Veränderungen in den Bereichen der Schmerzbewältigung und Schmerzveränderung.
Social networks are ubiquitous structures that we generate and enrich every-day while connecting with people through social media platforms, emails, and any other type of interaction. While these structures are intangible to us, they carry important information. For instance, the political leaning of our friends can be a proxy to identify our own political preferences. Similarly, the credit score of our friends can be decisive in the approval or rejection of our own loans. This explanatory power is being leveraged in public policy, business decision-making and scientific research because it helps machine learning techniques to make accurate predictions. However, these generalizations often benefit the majority of people who shape the general structure of the network, and put in disadvantage under-represented groups by limiting their resources and opportunities. Therefore it is crucial to first understand how social networks form to then verify to what extent their mechanisms of edge formation contribute to reinforce social inequalities in machine learning algorithms.
To this end, in the first part of this thesis, I propose HopRank and Janus two methods to characterize the mechanisms of edge formation in real-world undirected social networks. HopRank is a model of information foraging on networks. Its key component is a biased random walker based on transition probabilities between k-hop neighborhoods. Janus is a Bayesian framework that allows to identify and rank plausible hypotheses of edge formation in cases where nodes possess additional information. In the second part of this thesis, I investigate the implications of these mechanisms - that explain edge formation in social networks - on machine learning. Specifically, I study the influence of homophily, preferential attachment, edge density, fraction of inorities, and the directionality of links on both performance and bias of collective classification, and on the visibility of minorities in top-k ranks. My findings demonstrate a strong correlation between network structure and machine learning outcomes. This suggests that systematic discrimination against certain people can be: (i) anticipated by the type of network, and (ii) mitigated by connecting strategically in the network.
This thesis deals with the verbal categories tense and aspect in the context of analysing the English perfect. The underlying notion of time is examined from the viewpoint of etymology and from the viewpoint of fields of knowledge that lie outside the immediate scope of temporal semantics, e.g. mathematics. The category tense is scrutinised by discussing the concept of Reichenbach tense and the concept of correlation (Giering). The starting point of the discussion of the category verbal aspect is the dichotomy perfective vs. imperfective in the Slavic languages. The main part about the perfect is concerned with the possessive perfect as a cross-linguistic phenomenon (including a comparison of the English and the Slavic perfect) and focuses on the usage and the meaning of the English present perfect. There are three appendices which are an integral part of this dissertation. Appendix A deals with the systematization of English verb forms and their graphical representation. Three different visualizations are presented, two of which are genuine to this paper. Appendix B reproduces the target setting according to which an animated visualization of English infinitives was programmed. Appendix C represents a synopsis of approaches to the English perfect in grammars and textbooks.
This dissertation will discuss the theories of exponents of the philosophy of dialogue. Through that it shall establish the basis to reflect entrepreneurial leadership action. The goal is to find an approach for the development of a dialogical leadership culture.
The empirical part shall examine on what basis, in correlation with a dialogical leadership style, subjective assumptions are made by managers in their leadership action who work in inpatient nursing services. Furthermore, it shall address the question of how those subjective assumptions can be considered and utilized towards establishing future dialogically oriented leadership cultures and the development of coinciding management personnel.
It shall also debate the question to what extent the philosophy of dialogue includes theoretical concepts which can be used to describe a leadership culture. The intellectual approach of Martin Bubers is especially taken into consideration.
Based on these theoretical grounds, the attempt shall be made to develop the basic intention of a dialogical leadership culture which will appropriately justify a didactical concept for the development of management personnel in nursing services.
Within aquatic environments sediment water interfaces (SWIs) are the most important areas concerning exchange processes between the water body and the sediment. These spatially restricted regions are characterized by steep biogeochemical gradients that determine the speciation and fate of natural or artificial substances. Apart from biological mediated processes (e.g., burrowing organisms, photosynthesis) the determining exchange processes are diffusion or a colloid-mediated transport. Hence, methods are required enabling to capture the fine scale structures at the boundary layer and to distinguish between the different transport pathways. Regarding emerging substances that will probably reach the aquatic environment engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are of great concern due to their increased use in many products and applications. Since they are determined based on their size (<100 nm) they include a variety of different materials behaving differently in the environment. Once released, they will inevitable mix with naturally present colloids (< 1 μm) including natural nanomaterials.
With regard to existing methodological gaps concerning the characterization of ENMs (as emerging substances) and the investigation of SWIs (as receiving environmental compartments), the aim of this thesis was to develop, validate and apply suitable analytical tools. The challenges were to i) develop methods that enable a high resolution and low-invasive sampling of sediment pore water. To ii) develop routine-suitable methods for the characterization of metal-based engineered nanoparticles and iii) to adopt and optimize size-fractionation approaches for pore water samples of sediment depth profiles to obtain size-related information on element distributions at SWIs.
Within the first part, an available microprofiling system was combined with a novel micro sampling system equipped with newly developed sample filtration-probes. The system was thoroughly validated and applied to a freshwater sediment proving the applicability for an automatic sampling of sediment pore waters in parallel to microsensor measurements. Thereby, for the first time multi-element information for sediment depth profiles were obtained at a millimeter scale that could directly be related to simultaneously measured sediment parameters.
Due to the expected release of ENMs to the environment the aim was to develop methods that enable the investigation of fate and transport of ENMs at sediment water interfaces. Since standardized approaches are still lacking, methods were developed for the determination of the total mass concentration and the determination of the dissolved fraction of (nano)particle suspensions. Thereby, validated, routine suitable methods were provided enabling for the first time a routine-suitable determination of these two, among the most important properties regarding the analyses of colloidal systems, also urgently needed as a basis for the development of appropriate (future) risk assessments and regulatory frameworks. Based on this methodological basis, approaches were developed enabling to distinguish between dissolved and colloidal fractions of sediment pore waters. This made it possible for the first time to obtain fraction related element information for sediment depth profiles at a millimeter scale, capturing the fine scale structures and distinguishing between diffusion and colloid-mediated transport. In addition to the research oriented parts of this thesis, questions concerning the regulation of ENPs in the case of a release into aquatic systems were addressed in a separate publication (included in the Appendix) discussing the topic against the background of the currently valid German water legislation and the actual state of the research.
Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) has experienced growing importance in the last decades and an increasing number of schools have already implemented CLIL programmes or are planning to do so. Though the potentials of CLIL programmes are widely praised, first research results also raise doubts if CLIL students can live up to these high expectations. Both Fehling (2005) as well as Rumlich (2013; 2016), for example, found that CLIL programmes not inevitably show the expected results but that the CLIL students’ success might also be at least partially explained by other influences, such as the selection process of future CLIL students. Hence, CLIL students apparently fall short of the high expectations that are usually connected to the respective CLIL programmes and as this is mainly based on the unsatisfactory quality of these programmes, Rumlich concludes that “it is now high time to focus on the quality of CLIL provision” (Rumlich 2016: 452). He continues to explain that “the promises of CLIL do not materialise automatically owing to the fact that another language is used for learning in a non-language subject” (Rumlich 2016: 452). It must be assumed that the success of CLIL teaching also highly depends on the quality of the CLIL teachers.
In contrast to the continuously growing number of CLIL schools, however, the number of specifically trained CLIL teachers is comparably small. In Germany, CLIL teachers are not (yet) required to attend any special training in order to teach in a CLIL programme. Notwithstanding, is it sufficient for a CLIL teacher only to be trained in the content subject and the foreign language? Or does CLIL teaching require more than the sum of these two components? Do CLIL teachers need additional teaching competences to the ones of a content and a language teacher? In the light of the recent findings of CLIL programmes falling short of the high expectations, the answer to these questions must clearly be “Yes”. Hence, in order to appropriately train (future) CLIL teachers, special training programmes need to be developed which consider the teachers’ individual educational backgrounds, i.e. their qualifications as language and/or as content teachers and build up on these competences through adding the CLIL-specific teaching competences.
Therefore, this thesis aims at developing a German Framework for CLIL Teacher Education, which considers both the already published, theory-based standards of CLIL teacher education as well as the practical perspective of experienced CLIL teachers in Germany. This German Framework for CLIL Teacher Education classifies the different teaching competences, which are derived from integrating the theoretical and the practical perspective on CLIL teacher education, with regard to the three different competence areas, i.e. the general teaching competence, the language teaching competence and the subject teaching competence and is hence adaptable to different CLIL settings and educational backgrounds. In addition to developing this German Framework for CLIL Teacher Education, which provides the content of future CLIL teacher education programmes, this thesis discusses different forms of structurally implementing CLIL teacher education programmes in the existing structures of teacher education in Germany. This is achieved through analysing the current state of the art of CLIL teacher education at German universities and systematising the different forms of implementing these training programmes in the prevailing educational structures. Building on these first two steps, in the third and final step, this thesis develops a CLIL teacher education programme at a German university that is based on the results and elements of the German Framework for CLIL Teacher Education as well as the state of the art of CLIL teacher education in Germany. Thus, this thesis is allocated at the intersection between foreign language teaching as well as teacher education and is structured in eleven chapters.