Doctoral Thesis
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Institute
- Fachbereich 7 (93)
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Due to their confinement to specific host plants or restricted habitat types, Auchenorrhyncha are suitable biological indicators to measure the quality of chalk grassland under different management practices for nature conservation. They can especially be used as a tool to assess the success of restoring chalk grassland on ex-arable land. One objective of this study was to identify the factors which most effectively conserve and enhance biological diversity of existing chalk grasslands or allow the creation of new areas of such species-rich grassland on ex-arable land. A second objective was to link Auchenorrhyncha communities to the different grassland communities occurring on chalk according to the NVC (National Vegetation Classification). Altogether 100 chalk grassland and arable reversion sites were sampled between 1998 and 2002. Some of the arable reversion sites had been under certain grazing or mowing regimes for up to ten years by 2002. Vegetation structure and composition were recorded, and Auchenorrhyncha were sampled three times during the summer of each year using a "vortis" suction sampler. Altogether 110 leafhopper species were recorded during the study. Two of the species, Kelisia occirrega and Psammotettix helvolus, although widespread within the area studied, had not previously been recognized as part of the British fauna. By displaying insect frequency and dominance as it is commonly done for vegetation communities, it was possible to classify preferential and differential species of distinct Auchenorrhyncha communities. The linking of the entomological data with vegetation communities defined by the NVC showed that different vegetation communities were reflected by distinct Auchenorrhyncha communities. Significant differences were observed down to the level of sub-communities. The data revealed a strong positive relationship between the diversity of leafhoppers species and the vegetation height. There was also a positive correlation between the species richness of Auchenorrhyncha and the diversity of plant species. In that context it is remarkable that there was no correlation between vegetation height and botanical diversity. There is a substantial decrease in Auchenorrhyncha species richness from unimproved grassland to improved grassland and arable reversion. The decline of typical chalk grassland and general dry grassland species is especially notable. Consequently, the number of stenotopic Auchenorrhyncha species which are confined to only a few habitat types, are drastically reduced with the improvement of chalk grassland. Improved grassland and arable reversion fields are almost exclusively inhabited by common habitat generalists. The decrease in typical chalk grassland plants due to improvement is mirrored in the decline of Auchenorrhyncha species, which rely monophagously or oligophagously on specific host plants. But even where suitable host plants re-colonize arable reversion sites quickly, there is a considerable delay before leafhoppers follow. That becomes especially obvious with polyphagous leafhoppers like Turrutus socialis or Mocydia crocea, which occur on improved grassland or arable reversion sites only in low frequency and abundance, despite wide appearance or even increased dominance of their host plants. These species can be considered as the most suitable indicators to measure success or failure of long term grassland restoration. A time period of ten years is not sufficient to restore species-rich invertebrate communities on grassland, even if the flora indicates an early success.
In the last years the e-government concentrated on the administrative aspects of administrative modernisation. In the next step the e-discourses will gain in importance as an instrument of the public-friendliness and means of the e-democracy/e-participation. With growing acceptance of such e-discourses, these will fastly reach a complexity, which could not be mastered no more by the participants. Many impressions, which could be won from presence discussions, will be lacking now. Therefore the exposed thesis has the objective of the conception and the prototypical implementation of an instrument (discourse meter), by which the participants, in particular the moderators of the e-discourse, are capable to overlook the e-discourse at any time and by means of it, attain their discourse awareness. Discourse awareness of the present informs about the current action in the e-discourse and discourse awareness of the past about the past action, by which any trends become visible. The focus of the discourse awareness is located in the quantitative view of the action in the e-discourse. From the model of e-discourse, which is developed in this thesis, the questions of discourse awareness are resulting, whose concretion is the basis for the implementation of the discourse meter. The discourse sensors attached to the model of the e-discourse are recording the actions of the e-discourse, showing events of discourse, which are represented by the discourse meter in various forms of visualizations. The concept of discourse meter offers the possibility of discourse awareness relating to the present as monitoring and the discourse awareness relating to the past as query (quantitative analysis) to the moderators of the e-discourse.
Fate and effects of insecticides in vegetated agricultural drainage ditches and constructed wetlands
(2006)
Studies have shown that runoff and spray-drift are important sources of nonpoint-source pesticide pollution of surface waters. Owing to this, public concern over the presence of pesticides in surface and ground water has resulted in intensive scientific efforts to find economical, yet environmentally sound solutions to the problem. The primary objective of this research was to assess the effectiveness of vegetated aquatic systems in providing buffering between natural aquatic ecosystems and agricultural landscape following insecticide associated runoff and spray-drift events. The first set of studies were implemented using vegetated agricultural ditches, one in Mississippi, USA, using pyrethroids (bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin) under simulated runoff conditions and the other in the Western Cape, South Africa using the organophosphate insecticide, azinphos-methyl (AZP), under natural runoff and spray-drift conditions. The second set of studies were implemented using constructed wetlands, one in the Western Cape using AZP under natural spray-drift conditions and the other in Mississippi, USA using the organophosphate MeP under simulated runoff conditions. Results from the Mississippi-ditch study indicated that ditch lengths of less than 300 m would be sufficient to mitigate bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin. In addition, data from mass balance calculations determined that the ditch plants were the major sink (generally > 90%) and/or sorption site for the rapid dissipation of the above pyrethroids from the water column. Similarly, results from the ditch study in South Africa showed that a 180 m vegetated system was effective in mitigating AZP after natural spray drift and low flow runoff events. Analytical results from the first wetland study show that the vegetated wetland was more effective than the non-vegetated wetland in reducing loadings of MeP. Mass balance calculations indicated approximately 90% of MeP mass was associated with the plant compartment. Ninety-six hours after the contamination, a significant negative acute effect of contamination on abundances was found in 8 out of the 15 macroinvertebrate species in both wetland systems. Even with these toxic effects, the overall reaction of macroinvertebrates clearly demonstrated that the impact of MeP in the vegetated wetland was considerably lower than in the non-vegetated wetland. Results from the constructed wetland study in South Africa revealed that concentrations of AZP at the inlet of the 134 m wetland system were reduced by 90% at the outlet. Overall, results from all of the studies in this thesis indicate that the presence of the plant compartment was essential for the effective mitigation of insecticide contamination introduced after both simulated and natural runoff or spray-drift events. Finally, both the vegetated agricultural drainage ditch and vegetated constructed wetland systems studied would be effective in mitigating pesticide loadings introduced from either runoff or spray-drift, in turn lowering or eliminating potential pesticide associated toxic effects in receiving aquatic ecosystems. Data produced in this research provide important information to reduce insecticide risk in exposure assessment scenarios. It should be noted that incorporating these types of best management practices (BMPs) will decrease the risk of acute toxicity, but chronic exposure may still be an apparent overall risk.
The estimation of the potential risk of pesticide entries into streams - and therefore the potential risk for the ecosystems - is an important requirement for the planning of risk mitigation strategies. Especially on the landscape level the required event triggered sampling methods are conjuncted with considerable efforts with regard to input data, time and personnel. To circumvent these problems simulation models form a reasonable alternative. The aims of this work were (A) the development of a simulation tool for the estimation of pesticide entries into surface waters on the landscape level, and (B) the application of the simulator for an exposure- and risk-assessment as well as the assessment of negative effects of pesticides on aquatic communities. Section 1 - Exposure-, Risk- and Effects In sections 1.1 and 1.2 the simulation model was applied to a multitude of small and medium sized streams in an agricultural impacted study area around the city of Braunschweig, Germany. Section 1.3 gives an overview of the simulators field of application and the general system structure. Section 1.1 - Scenario based simulation of runoff-related pesticide entries into small streams on a landscape level (English publication, p. 27): In this paper we present a simulation tool for the simulation of pesticide entry from arable land into adjacent streams. We used the ratio of exposure to toxicity (REXTOX) model proposed by the OECD which was extended to calculate pesticide concentrations in adjacent streams. We simulated the pesticide entry on the landscape level at 737 sites in small streams situated in the central lowland of Germany. The most significant model parameters were the width of the no-application-zone and the degree of plant-interception. The simulation was carried out using eight different environmental scenarios, covering variation of the width of the no-application-zone, climate and seasonal scenarios. The highest in-stream concentrations were predicted at a scenario using no (0 m) buffer zone in conjunction with increased precipitation. According to the predicted concentrations, the risk for the aquatic communities was estimated based on standard toxicity tests and the application of a safety factor. Section 1.2 - Linking land use variables and invertebrate taxon richness in small and medium-sized agricultural streams on a landscape level (English publication, p. 50): In this study the average numbers of invertebrate species across an arable landscape in central Germany (surveys from 15 years in 90 streams at 202 sites) were assessed for their correlation with environmental factors such as stream width, land use (arable land, forest, pasture, settlement), soil type and agricultural derived stressors. The stress originating from arable land was estimated by the factor "risk of runoff", which was derived from a runoff-model (rainfall induced surface runoff). Multivariate analysis explained 39.9% of the variance in species number, revealing stream width as the most important factor (25.3%) followed by risk of runoff (9.7%). Section 1.3 - Informationssystem zur ökotoxikologischen Bewertung der Gewässergüte in Bezug auf Pflanzenschutzmitteleinträge aus der Landwirtschaft - Systemaufbau und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten (German publication, p. 61): Section 1.3 contains a short overview of the simulation tool, the field of application and some examples of use, covering the effects of the width of the buffer zone as well as the creation of risk maps on the landscape level. Section 2 - The simulation tool An important aspect for the employment of a simulation model in the context of risk assessment is the applicability in practice: the accessibility of the needed input data, the conversion of the mathematical model into a software application that can be run on any current personnel computer and also an appropriate end-user documentation of the system. Section 1.4 - Informationssystem zur ökotoxikologischen Bewertung der Gewässergüte in Bezug auf Pflanzenschutzmitteleinträge aus der Landwirtschaft - Simulationsmodell und Systemaufbau (German report, p. 67): In this section a general overview of the simulation model as well as the schematic system structure given. Section 1.5 - Benutzerhandbuch (German report, p. 71): The user manual contains details concerning the installation of the system, generation of the required input data and the general use of the system. Moreover it presents some application examples (what-if analyses). Section 1.6 - Technical documentation (German report, p. 104): The technical documentation describes internal structures and processes of the simulation system. Section 1.6 provides information regarding the required structure of input/output tables.
Die Arbeit stellt die Frage nach den Effekten einer tertiären Präventionsmaßnahme in Bezug auf Schmerzbewältigung und Schmerzveränderung bei chronischen Lumbalgiepatienten. Im Rahmen der Überprüfung werden ausdifferenzierte psychophysische Interventionsmaßnahmen aus den Bereichen der Physiotherapie/Krankengymnastik und Psychologie eingesetzt. Die Gruppenunterteilung erfolgt in eine behandelte Versuchsgruppe und eine unbehandelte Warte-Kontrollgruppe mit jeweils 100 Probanden (N=200). Die Ergebnisse der tertiären Präventionsmaßnahme zeigen statistisch und klinisch relevante sowie positive Veränderungen in den Bereichen der Schmerzbewältigung und Schmerzveränderung.
Dracaena L. (Ruscaceae) is a predominantly African genus with a smaller centre of diversity in South-East Asia. The taxonomy of the 29 species occurring in Central, East and Southern Africa was revised through phenetic and phylogenetic analyses of the morphology as well as through herbarium, literature and field studies. An infrageneric classification is proposed, in which four sub-genera are recognised for the first time. A taxonomic account for the study area incorporating an identification key, distribution maps and an IUCN Red List assessment is presented. Analysis of Dracaena phytogeography reveals that the Guineo-Congolian centre of endemism is the richest with 21 species while the Maputaland-Pondoland regional mosaic and the Guinea-Congolia/Sudania regional transition zone are the poorest, having only one species each. Investigation of the ecology of Dracaena in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya, shows that it plays an important role in the forest ecology and is an indicator of forest quality.
In the present study the flora and vegetation of Kakamega Forest, an East African rainforest in Western Kenya, was investigated. Kakamega Forest is highly degraded and fragmented and is an ideal model to study the anthropogenic influence on the forest inventory. The main focus was to analyse the influence of human impact on the vascular plant species composition. During five field phases in the years 2001 to 2004 a total of 19 study sites scattered over the whole forest including all fragments were investigated regarding forest structure, species composition and plant communities. The different forest sites were analysed by three different methods, phytosociological relevés, line-transect and with the variable-area transect method. The forest survey revealed about 400 taxa of vascular plant species, among them 112 trees, 62 shrubs, 58 climbers and 114 herbs. Several species are restricted to this forest in Kenya, but only one endemic species, the herb Commelina albiflora, could be discovered. About 15 species were recorded as new for Kenya and probably at least one species is new to science. Kakamega Forest is a unique mixture of Guineo-Congolian and Afromontane floral elements. About one half of the vascular plant species has its origin in the lowland forests of the Congo basin and one third originates from Afromontane habitats. The present study represents the first description of plant communities of Kakamega Forest. An analysis of different forest sites and plantations resulted in 17 different vegetation units. For the mature forest sites eleven plant communities were described. The young succession stage consists of two plant communities. Since the disturbance history and the age of the different plant communities could be estimated, their chronology was also described. An exception are the study sites within the plantations and afforested sites. The four defined vegetation units were not described as plant communities, because they are highly affected by man and do not belong to the natural succession of Kakamega Forest. Nevertheless, the regeneration potential of such forests was investigated. Due to the different succession stages the changing species composition along a disturbance gradient could be analysed. Most of Kakamega Forest consists of middle-aged secondary forest often surrounded by very young secondary forest. A true primary rainforest could not be found due the massive influence by over-exploitation. In all parts of the forest the anthropogenic influence could be observed. The forest develops towards a climax stage, but a 2 Abstract comparison with former surveys shows that the regeneration is much slower than expected. Human impact has to be avoided to allow the forest to develop into a primary-like rainforest. But several climax tree species might be missing anyway, because after the broad logging activities in the past there are not enough seed trees remaining. Species richness was highest in disturbed forest sites. A mixture of pioneer, climax and bushland species could be recorded there. Therefore, a high species richness is not a suitable indicator for forest quality. The proportion of climax species typical for Kakamega Forest would be a better measure. Compared to the main forest block the forest fragments do not lack in diversity as expected due to fragmentation processes. Instead, the only near primary forest could be recorded in Kisere, a northern fragment. The high amount of climax species and the more or less undisturbed forest structure is a result of the strict protection by the Kenya Wildlife Service and due to low logging activities. Differences in species composition between the studied forest sites are either a result of the different logging history or management regime rather than due to different edaphic or climatic conditions.
Quellen sind hochdiverse Lebensräume mit einer stark spezialisierten Fauna, wobei noch Lücken im Verständnis der besiedlungsrelevanten Faktoren für die aquatische Makrofauna bestehen, so dass die Arbeit einen klärenden Beitrag hinsichtlich anthropogener Veränderungen und ihrer Auswirkungen auf die Besied-lung leisten will. Basierend auf Daten von 334 Quellen aller Grundwasserlandschaften von Rheinland-Pfalz wurden die Quellen morphologisch und faunistisch bewertet. Außerdem wurden die Quellen des Landes morphologisch typisiert, Referenzquellen analysiert und ein Ansatz für die morphologische und faunistische Leitbildentwicklung gegeben. Außerdem wird ein selbst entwickeltes, kompaktes Kartier- und Bewertungsverfahren zur Quellstruktur vorgestellt, wo bislang noch ein Defizit bestand. Das Verfahren erfasst in einem Erfassungsbogen alle ökologisch bedeutsamen Strukturparameter und bewertet in einem 5-stufigen System. Quellen sind hochdiverse Lebensräume mit kleinen Populationen in isolierter Lage. Bei der Untersuchung der 310 Quellen wurden insgesamt 292 Arten bzw. höhere Taxa des Makrozoobenthos nachgewiesen. Es wurden 89 quellassoziierte Taxa gezählt, hiervon waren 24 krenobiont und 65 krenophil. Der Anteil der quellassoziierten Fauna an der Gesamtfauna lag bei über 30%. Es fanden sich 19 Erstnachweise für Rheinland-Pfalz, 9 besondere Nachweise (seltene Arten) und 19 Rote-Liste-Arten. Erstnachweise fanden sich in wenig bearbeiteten Dipterengruppen, vor allem den Psychodidae (13), Limoniidae (5) und ferner den Simu-liidae (1). Bei den Köcherfliegen wurden etliche seltene Arten gefunden, welche bisher in Rheinland-Pfalz kaum gefunden wurden. Häufigere krenobionte Taxa waren Crunoecia irrorata, Bythinella dunkeri, Niphar-gus sp., Pisidium personatum, Salamandra salamandra, Thaumalea sp., Agabus guttatus, Crenobia alpina, Oxycera sp. und Beraea maura. Die durchschnittliche Taxazahl pro Quelle betrug 11, die maximale 62 Taxa. Schüttung und Morphologie der Quellen waren von Naturraum und Grundwasserlandschaft abhängig, so schütteten etwa Buntsandsteinquellen ergiebiger und konstanter als Tonschieferquellen. Quellen spiegeln die Hydrologie ihrer Einzugsgebiete wider, so dass in verschiedenen hydrogeologischen Einheiten die chemischen Parameter differierten. In einzelnen Quellen schwankte die Hydrochemie jahreszeitlich aber nur gering. Der pH-Wert etwa war im Quellwasser versauerungsgefährdeter Gebiete niedrig (Hunsrück, Pfälzer-wald), der Nitratgehalt anthropogen bedingt hoch in intensiv landwirtschaftlich genutzten Räumen. Die morphologische Quelltypologie, welche sich in erster Linie auf gängige Quelltypen stützte, ergab in elf hydrogeologischen Quelltypenräumen vier Basisquelltypen und fünf geochemische Sondertypen. Die Wan-derquelle wurde neu hinzu genommen. Die landesweite Verteilung der Quelltypen ergab bei ungefassten Quellen 57 % Sicker-, 32 % Sturz-, 9 % Tümpel- und über 2 % Wanderquellen. Wanderquellen dürften aber noch öfter vorkommen. Relief und Substrateigenschaften waren entscheidende Faktoren für die Typologie, so dass etwa Sturzquellen vor allem im Buntsandstein häufig waren, während Sickerquellen im Tonschiefer des rheinischen Schiefergebirges dominierten. Es wurden 85 Strukturreferenzquellen als typische, naturnahe Beispiele für einzelne Quelltypenräume genannt. Etwa zwei Drittel aller Quellen waren strukturell beein-trächtigt bis stark geschädigt, 59 % gefasst. Fassungen, Verrohrungen und Betonverbau waren ökologisch besonders bedeutsam. In Regionen mit intensiver Landwirtschaft lagen generell die stärksten Schädigungen vor. Im Forst waren Quellen durch Nadelholzmonokulturen und in den Hochlagen pufferarmer Mittelgebirge durch Versauerung geschädigt. Hinsichtlich der Besiedlung ergaben sich Unterschiede zwischen den Naturräumen, beeinflusst durch die Faktoren Geologie, Hydrochemie, Schüttungsverhältnisse, Landnutzung im Einzugsgebiet sowie die Struk-turvielfalt an der Quelle. Strukturell unveränderte und unversauerte Quellen besaßen im Schnitt höhere Ta-xazahlen. Einzelne Faktoren mit Einfluss auf die Besiedlung wurden in ihrer Auswirkung getestet. In Quel-len ist die Versauerung grundsätzlich besiedlungsbeschränkend und überlagert strukturelle Faktoren. Bei niedrigen pH-Werten kommt es zu verminderten Taxazahlen, allerdings sind viele Quellorganismen offen-sichtlich an eine leichte Versauerung angepasst, da in sauren Quellen der Anteil der Quellfauna höher war. Außerdem ergab die Untersuchung, dass neue und intakte Fassungen weniger Taxa und Quelltaxa aufwiesen, während bei alten und verfallenen Fassungen oft eine hohe Quelltaxazahl vorlag, so dass diese als sekundär ökologisch wertvoll zu bezeichnen sind. Die Umfeldnutzung und die Größe des Quellbereichs sind ebenfalls wichtig, so dass Quellen in Laub- und Mischwald sowie in extensivem Grünland am besten besiedelt waren. Die stärksten statistischen Zusammenhänge mit der faunistischen Besiedlung ergaben sich bei den Bewer-tungsergebnissen des Strukturverfahrens, was zeigt, dass das Verfahren realistisch bewertet. Multivariate statistische Methoden dienten der Ermittlung von Besiedlungsfaktoren und der Leitbildentwick-lung. Es ergab sich eine unterschiedliche Besiedlung bei verschiedener Hydrogeologie und Hydrochemie sowie bei verschiedenen Quelltypen. Allerdings waren die Ergebnisse nicht eindeutig, so dass die Trennung der Quelltypen nur teilweise gelang und die Quelltypen von den Grundwasserlandschaften überlagert waren. Die Faunenunterschiede verschiedener Regionen waren größer als die einer Region, so dass morphologische Quelltypen faunistisch nur innerhalb einer hydrogeologischen Einheit von Bedeutung sind. Es wurden regionale faunistische Leitarten für vier Grundwasserlandschaften genannt, wobei sich auf wenige hochstete Quellarten beschränkt wurde. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass faunistisch orientierte Leitbilder nur unter Schwierigkeiten anzugeben sind und vollständige Typuszönosen für größere Gebiete grundsätzlich in Frage zu stellen sind. Sehr häufige grundsätzliche Leitarten für Quellen silikatischer Mittelgebirge in Rheinland-Pfalz sind Crunoecia irrorata und Bythinella dunkeri.
Previous research revealed that teachers hold beliefs about gifted students combining high intellectual ability with deficits in non-cognitive domains, outlined in the so-called disharmony hypothesis. Since teachers’ beliefs about giftedness can influence which students they identify as gifted, the empirical investigation of beliefs is of great practical relevance. This dissertation comprises three research articles that investigated teacher beliefs about gifted students’ characteristics in samples of pre-service teachers using an experimental vignette approach. Chapter I starts with a general introduction into beliefs, and presents the research aims of the present dissertation. The first article (Chapter II) focused on the interaction of beliefs about giftedness and gender in a sample of Australian pre-service teachers and tested if social desirability occurred when using the vignette design. Beside evidence for beliefs in line with the disharmony hypothesis, results revealed typical gender stereotypes. However, beliefs about giftedness appeared not to be gender specific and thus, to be similar for gifted girls and boys. The vignette approach was found to be an adequate design for assessing teacher beliefs. The second article (Chapter III) investigated teacher beliefs and their relationship to motivational orientations for teaching gifted students in a cross-country sample of German and Australian pre-service teachers. Motivational orientations comprise cognitive components (self-efficacy) and affective components (enthusiasm). Findings revealed beliefs in the sense of the disharmony hypothesis for pre-service teachers from both countries. Giftedness when paired with beliefs about high maladjustment was found to be negatively related to teachers’ self-efficacy for teaching gifted students. The third article (Chapter IV) examined the role of teachers’ belief in a just world for the formation of beliefs using a sample of Belgian pre-service teachers. It was found that the stronger pre-service teachers’ belief in a just world was, the more they perceived gifted students’ high intellectual ability as unfair and thus, neutralized that injustice by de-evaluating students’ non-cognitive abilities. In a general discussion (Chapter V), findings of the three articles are combined and reflected. Taken together, the present dissertation showed that teacher beliefs about gifted students’ characteristics are not gender specific, generalizable over countries, negatively related to teacher motivation and can be driven by fairness beliefs.
Invasive species often have a significant impact on the biodiversity of ecosystems and the species native to it. One of the worst invaders worldwide is Aphanomyces astaci, the causative agent of the crayfish plague, an often fatal disease to crayfish species not native to North America. Aphanomyces astaci originates from North America and was introduced to Europe in the midst of the 19th century. Since then, it spread throughout Europe diminishing the European crayfish populations. The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the threat that A. astaci still poses to European crayfish species more than 150 years after its introduction to Europe. In the first part of the thesis, crayfish specimens, which are available in the German pet trade, were tested for infections with A. astaci. Around 13% of the tested crayfish were clearly infected with A. astaci. The study demonstrated the potential danger the pet trade poses for biodiversity through the import of alien species and their potential pathogens, in general. In the second part of the thesis, the A. astaci infection prevalence of crayfish species in wild populations in Europe was tested. While the stone crayfish, Austropotamobius torrentium, showed high susceptibility to different haplogroups of A. astaci, the narrow-clawed crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus, was able to survive infections, even by haplogroup B, which is considered to be highly virulent. In the last part of the thesis, A. astaci was traced back to its original distribution area of North America. While the crayfish plague never had such a devastating effect on crayfish in North America as it had in Europe, the reasons for the success of invasive crayfish within North America are not yet fully understood. It is possible that A. astaci increases the invasion success of some crayfish species. Several populations of the rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus, in the Midwest of North America were confirmed to be infected with A. astaci and a new genotype was identified, possibly indicating that each crayfish host is vector of a unique A. astaci genotype, even in North America. Overall, the present thesis provides evidence that A. astaci is still a major threat to the crayfish species indigenous to Europe. Crayfish mass mortalities still occur in susceptible crayfish species like A. torrentium even 150 years after the first introduction of A. astaci. While there are some indications for increased resistances through processes of co-evolution, the continuous introduction of crayfish species to Europe threatens to cause new outbreaks of the crayfish plague through the parallel introduction of new, highly virulent A. astaci strains.