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Institute
- Fachbereich 7 (93)
- Fachbereich 8 (47)
- Institut für Informatik (33)
- Institut für Integrierte Naturwissenschaften, Abt. Biologie (29)
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- Institut für Computervisualistik (18)
- Institut für Integrierte Naturwissenschaften, Abt. Physik (13)
- Institut für Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungsinformatik (13)
Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Positionierung und anbieterinternen Kommunikation der innovativen IT-Architektur SOA. Die zentralen Ziele der vorliegenden explorativen und empirischen Forschungsarbeit, die im Kontext der Innovations-Erfolgsfaktorenforschung angesiedelt ist, bestehen in der Beantwor-tung der beiden folgenden forschungsleitenden Fragestellungen:
Forschungsfrage 1: Welche Bedingungen tragen zu einer erfolgreichen Positionierung von SOA bei? Forschungsfrage 2: Welche Bedingungen tragen zu einer erfolgreichen anbieterinternen Kommunikation bezüglich SOA bei? Zur Überprüfung dieser beiden Forschungsfragen wurde ein zweistufiges Delphi-Verfahren durchgeführt. Hierbei wurde zunächst eine qualitative Befragungswelle (N=53) zur Identifizierung der SOA-Positionierungsbedingungen und anbieterinternen SOA-Kommunikations-bedingungen durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden in der ersten Befragungswelle 122 SOA-Positionierungsbedingungen identifiziert, die sich in 65 Bedingungen auf Anbieterseite, 35 Bedingungen auf Kundenseite, 19 Bedingungen auf SOA-Seite und 3 Bedingungen aufseiten des weiteren Umfeldes aufteilen. Im Rahmen der anbieterinternen SOA-Kommunikation konnten 31 Bedingungen identifiziert werden. Die in der ersten Welle identifizierten SOA-Positionie-rungsbedingungen und anbieterinternen SOA-Kommunikationsbedingungen wurden mittels der zweiten Befragungswelle (N=83) einer quantitativen Analyse unterzogen. Somit liefert die vorliegende Studie Bedingungen, die sowohl zu einer erfolgreichen SOA-Positionierung als auch zu einer erfolgreichen anbieterinternen SOA-Kommunikation beitragen.
Die Resultate dieser Arbeit werden zusammengefasst und theoretisch eingeordnet. Ebenfalls wird die methodische Vorgehensweise kritisch diskutiert und die Güte der Daten beurteilt. Schließlich wird ein Ausblick auf zukünftige Forschungsfelder gegeben.
Virtueller Konsum - Warenkörbe, Wägungsschemata und Verbraucherpreisindizes in virtuellen Welten
(2015)
Virtual worlds have been investigated by several academic disciplines for several years, e.g. sociology, psychology, law and education. Since the developers of virtual worlds have implemented aspects like scarcity and needs, even economic research has become interested in these virtual environments. Exploring virtual economies mainly deals with the research of trade regarding the virtual goods used to supply the emerged needs. On the one hand, economics analyzes the meaning of virtual trade according to the overall interpretation of the economical characteristics of virtual worlds. As some virtual worlds allow the change of virtual world money with real money and vice versa, virtual goods are traded by the users for real money, researchers on the other hand, study the impact of the interdependencies between virtual economies and the real world. The presented thesis mainly focuses on the trade within virtual worlds in the context of virtual consumption and the observation of consumer prices. Therefore, the four virtual worlds World of Warcraft, RuneScape, Entropia Universe and Second Life have been selected. There are several components required to calculate consumer price indices. First, a market basket, which contains the relevant consumed goods existing in virtual worlds, must be developed. Second, a weighting scheme has to be established, which shows the dispersion of consumer tendencies. Third, prices of relevant consumer goods have to be taken. Following real world methods, it is the challenge to apply those methods within virtual worlds. Therefore, this dissertation contains three corresponding investigation parts. Within a first analysis, it will be evaluated, in how far virtual worlds can be explored to identify consumable goods. As a next step, the consumption expenditures of the avatars will be examined based on an online survey. At last, prices of consumable goods will be recorded. Finally, it will be possible to calculate consumer price indices. While investigating those components, the thesis focuses not only on the general findings themselves, but also on methodological issues arising, like limited access to relevant data, missing legal legitimation or security concerns of the users. Beside these aspects, the used methods also allow the examination of several other economic aspects like the consumption habits of the avatars. At the end of the thesis, it will be considered to what extent virtual world economic characteristics can be compared with the real world.
Aspects like the important role of weapons or the different usage of food show significant differences to the real world, caused by the business models of virtual worlds.
Demographic change forces companies in the social sector, which already face more difficulties recruiting from the primary labor market and keep qualified workers committed then other enterprises, to deal with the increase of employees satisfaction. This research paper analyses the context of dialogic management in the relation between the manager and her staff and satisfaction of employees. It measures the personal preferences of leaders and staff from the employee perception.
The following personal preferences are distinguished: Harmony-seeking relation preference versus dominant autonomy preferencern Thrill-seeking stimulant preference versus controlling balance preference according to Riemann, 1999 und Pashen Dihsmaier 2011. The empiric research was done with help of a survey at the Samaritan institution Fürstenwalde with a 364 out of 560 employees´ participation. It finds significant correlation between the satisfaction of the employees with their managers and their dialogic expertise as well as with their skill to create confidence and spread appreciation. It determines differences in job satisfication of employees between the perceived psychological preferences of the staff and the perceived preference of their managers. It can be proved that relationship-oriented leaders show a higher degree of willingness for dialogue then autonomy-oriented managers. The satisfaction of employees with these leaders is clearly higher then with managers who are perceived as autonomy- oriented. A higher degree of correlation between the contentment and dialogic behavior of management could be determined with stimulant- and relationship-oriented employee against employees with a preference for autonomy or balance. The highest value of contentment could be reached by relationship- oriented workers, who perceive their management also relationship-oriented. The foundation of dialogic thought and behavior based on trust and appreciation must be developed upon managers and employees, first, before dialogic management can be introduced to a company.
In this context the relationship-oriented management approaches should be taken into consideration when recruiting managers and should also have a high priority in the human resources development.
Die UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention von 2008 formuliert einen Rechtsanspruch auf inklusive Bildung für Menschen mit Beeinträchtigungen. Diesem wird in Deutschland seit 2009 durch Schulgesetzänderungen Rechnung getragen, mit denen inklusive Bildung durch ein Elternwahlrecht implementiert wird. Bislang ist vor dem Hintergrund der neu geschaffenen elterlichen Entscheidungsmöglichkeiten noch nicht untersucht worden, welche Vorstellungen Eltern von Kindern mit komplexen Beeinträchtigungen mit dem inklusiven Bildungsanspruch ihres Kindes verbinden und in welcher Weise sie diesen an der Schulform ihrer Wahl eingelöst sehen. Im Zentrum der vorliegenden Arbeit steht die Rekonstruktion des Bildungsangebots aus der Perspektive der Eltern im Abgleich mit der Sicht der pädagogischen Klassenteams. Den Fragen nach den elterlichen Erwartungen und Erfahrungen wurde aus der systemtheoretischen Perspektive von Luhmann nachgegangen. In der qualitativ angelegten Untersuchung geht es um Schülerinnen und Schüler mit komplexen Beeinträchtigungen, die nach der Schulgesetznovellierung in Hamburg (2009) in den Jahren 2010 und 2011 eingeschult worden sind und aufgrund der Entscheidung ihrer Eltern in unterschiedlichen Settings an Grund- und Sonderschulen lernen. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte durch leitfadengestützte Interviews mit Eltern, Pädagoginnen und Pädagogen sowie Schulleitungen, ergänzt durch Hospitationen im Schuljahr 2011/12 und Dokumente, die von den Schulen zur Verfügung gestellt wurden. Die Datenanalyse erfolgt mithilfe der Grounded Theory nach Strauß/Corbin (1996). Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen elterliche Bildungserwartungen im Hinblick auf ein Ermöglichen von Autonomie und Teilhabe ihrer Kinder und eine differenzierte Wahrnehmung der Umsetzung ihrer Erwartungen im Schulalltag. Einen besonderen Stellenwert messen Eltern der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Schule und Familie bei, die für das Entstehen von Vertrauen bzw. Misstrauen bedeutsam ist. Aus den Erkenntnissen und deren Rückbindung an die Systemtheorie wurde ein Modell des Professionsvertrauens/-misstrauens entwickelt.
Die Auswertung ergibt Hinweise zu Qualitätskriterien eines inklusiven Bildungsangebots und zu Entwicklungsanforderungen in der Professionalisierung, die sowohl auf die Ebene der Organisation Schule als auch der Interaktion zwischen schulischen Akteurinnen und Akteuren sowie Eltern abzielen.
The formulation of the decoding problem for linear block codes as an integer program (IP) with a rather tight linear programming (LP) relaxation has made a central part of channel coding accessible for the theory and methods of mathematical optimization, especially integer programming, polyhedral combinatorics and also algorithmic graph theory, since the important class of turbo codes exhibits an inherent graphical structure. We present several novel models, algorithms and theoretical results for error-correction decoding based on mathematical optimization. Our contribution includes a partly combinatorial LP decoder for turbo codes, a fast branch-and-cut algorithm for maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding of arbitrary binary linear codes, a theoretical analysis of the LP decoder's performance for 3-dimensional turbo codes, compact IP models for various heuristic algorithms as well as ML decoding in combination with higher-order modulation, and, finally, first steps towards an implementation of the LP decoder in specialized hardware. The scientific contributions are presented in the form of seven revised reprints of papers that appeared in peer-reviewed international journals or conference proceedings. They are accompanied by an extensive introductory part that reviews the basics of mathematical optimization, coding theory, and the previous results on LP decoding that we rely on afterwards.
Traditional Driver Assistance Systems (DAS) like for example Lane Departure Warning Systems or the well-known Electronic Stability Program have in common that their system and software architecture is static. This means that neither the number and topology of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) nor the presence and functionality of software modules changes after the vehicles leave the factory.
However, some future DAS do face changes at runtime. This is true for example for truck and trailer DAS as their hardware components and software entities are spread over both parts of the combination. These new requirements cannot be faced by state-of-the-art approaches of automotive software systems. Instead, a different technique of designing such Distributed Driver Assistance Systems (DDAS) needs to be developed. The main contribution of this thesis is the development of a novel software and system architecture for dynamically changing DAS using the example of driving assistance for truck and trailer. This architecture has to be able to autonomously detect and handle changes within the topology. In order to do so, the system decides which degree of assistance and which types of HMI can be offered every time a trailer is connected or disconnected. Therefore an analysis of the available software and hardware components as well as a determination of possible assistance functionality and a re-configuration of the system take place. Such adaptation can be granted by the principles of Service-oriented Architecture (SOA). In this architectural style all functionality is encapsulated in self-contained units, so-called Services. These Services offer the functionality through well-defined interfaces whose behavior is described in contracts. Using these Services, large-scale applications can be built and adapted at runtime. This thesis describes the research conducted in achieving the goals described by introducing Service-oriented Architectures into the automotive domain. SOA deals with the high degree of distribution, the demand for re-usability and the heterogeneity of the needed components.
It also applies automatic re-configuration in the event of a system change. Instead of adapting one of the frameworks available to this scenario, the main principles of Service-orientation are picked up and tailored. This leads to the development of the Service-oriented Driver Assistance (SODA) framework, which implements the benefits of Service-orientation while ensuring compatibility and compliance to automotive requirements, best-practices and standards. Within this thesis several state-of-the-art Service-oriented frameworks are analyzed and compared. Furthermore, the SODA framework as well as all its different aspects regarding the automotive software domain are described in detail. These aspects include a well-defined reference model that introduces and relates terms and concepts and defines an architectural blueprint. Furthermore, some of the modules of this blueprint such as the re-configuration module and the Communication Model are presented in full detail. In order to prove the compliance of the framework regarding state-of-the-art automotive software systems, a development process respecting today's best practices in automotive design procedures as well as the integration of SODA into the AUTOSAR standard are discussed. Finally, the SODA framework is used to build a full-scale demonstrator in order to evaluate its performance and efficiency.
Taxonomy and Systematics of Spiny-Backed Treefrogs, Genus Osteocephalus (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae)
(2015)
The pan-Amazonian treefrog genus Ostecephalus is poorly understood both on a taxonomic and phylogenetic level. The status of several frogs already or not yet referred to the genus is unclear and the relationships among the genus and with respect to related genera is not understood. In this work O. cabrerai (Cochran and Goin, 1970) from Colombia and Peru is redescribed and O. festae (Peracca, 1904) from the foothills of the Andes in Ecuador is revalidated. Hyla inframaculata Boulenger, 1882, from the lower Amazon in Brazil, is reallocated to Osteocephalus and O. elkejungingerae (Henle, 1981) from the Andean foothills in Peru is shown to be a synonym of Hyla mimetica (Melin, 1941), the valid name being O. mimeticus. Hyla vilarsi Melin, 1941 is considered a valid species in the genus Osteocephalus and revalidated from the synonymies of several other frogs. Three new species, O. castaneicola from northern Bolivia and southern Peru, O. duellmani from a sub-Andean mountain range in southern Ecuador, and O. camufatus from central Amazonian Brazil, are described. A phylogenetic analysis based on up to nine mitochondrial genes and one nuclear one reveals the paraphyly of the genus as previously understood with respect to the genus Tepuihyla. A new taxonomy is proposed, securing the monophyly of Osteocephalus and Tepuihyla by rearranging and redefining the content of both genera. A new genus, Dryaderces, is erected for the sister group of Osteocephalus. The colouration of newly metamorphosed individuals is proposed as a morphological synapomorphy for Osteocephalus. Five monophyletic species groups within Osteocephalus are recognized, three species of Osteocephalus (O. germani, O.rnphasmatus, O. vilmae) and three species of Tepuihyla (T. celsae, T. galani, T. talbergae) synonymized and three species (Hyla helenae to Osteocephalus, O.rnexophthalmus to Tepuihyla and O. pearsoni to Dryaderces gen. n.) reallocated. Furthermore, nine putative new species are flagged (an increase to 138% of the current diversity), an indication that species numbers are largely underestimated, with most hidden diversity centred on widespread and polymorphic nominal species. The evolutionary origin of breeding strategies within Osteocephalus is discussed in the light of this new phylogeny and a novel type of amplexus (gular amplexus) is described.
Animationen können in instruktionalen Kontexten genutzt werden, um Wissen über Sachverhalte zu vermitteln, die Prozesse oder Abläufe beinhalten. So können dynamische Sachverhalte explizit dargestellt werden und müssen nicht vom Lerner selbst in Gedanken hergestellt, sondern nur anhand der Animation nachvollzogen werden. Dies sollte sich positiv auf den Wissenserwerb auswirken. Dabei stellen Animationen mit ihrer besonderen Eigenschaft der Darstellung zeitlicher Abläufe besondere Herausforderungen an den Lerner. Das menschliche Informationsverarbeitungssystem unterliegt bestimmten Begrenzungen im Hinblick auf die Wahrnehmung von Geschwindigkeiten. Zu schnelle und zu langsame Geschwindigkeiten können beispielsweise nur schwer wahrgenommen und dementsprechend auch nicht kognitiv verarbeitet werden. Die Zielsetzung der Arbeit, die sich daraus ergibt, war eine systematische Untersuchung der Wirkung unterschiedlicher Präsentationsgeschwindigkeiten auf das Wahrnehmen und Verstehen eines dynamischen Sachverhaltes anhand einer Animation.
Um die Fragestellungen der Arbeit beantworten zu können, wurden vier experimentelle Studien durchgeführt. Die Pilotstudie hatte das Ziel, sowohl das Lernmaterial als auch den entwickelten Wissenstest zu evaluieren. In Studie 1 wurde der Frage nach dem Einfluss der Präsentationsgeschwindigkeit auf den Wissenserwerb beim Lernen mit einer interaktiven Animation nachgegangen.
Die Studien 2 und 3 untersuchten den Einfluss verschiedener Reihenfolgen von Geschwindigkeiten auf den Wissenserwerb. Hier ging es um eine systematische Erfassung der perzeptuellen und kognitiven Verarbeitung dynamischer Informationen in zwei verschiedenen Geschwindigkeiten mittels Blickbewegungsmessung (Studie 2) und wiederholten Testungen des Wissenserwerbs zwischen den einzelnen Lernphasen (Studie 3).
Die Ergebnisse der Studien deuten darauf hin, dass bei langsamer Geschwindigkeit Wissen über Ereignisse auf untergeordneter zeitlicher Ebene erworben wurde und dass je schneller eine Animation gesehen wurde, umso mehr anteiliges Wissen auf einer übergeordneten zeitlichen Ebene erworben wurde (Studie 1), aber eindeutige Aussagen über den Einfluss der Geschwindigkeit auf den Wissenserwerb auf verschiedenen zeitlichen Hierarchieebenen lassen sich aufgrund der Ergebnisse der Studien nicht machen. Im Hinblick auf die Lernförderlichkeit verschiedener Arten der Sequenzierung von Geschwindigkeiten zeigten sich auch keine eindeutigen Ergebnisse. Aufgrund der Analyse der Blickbewegungsdaten deutet sich jedoch an, dass die Reihenfolge "langsam - schnell" den Bedingungen auf Seiten der Lerner eher entgegen kommt als die Reihenfolge "schnell - langsam".
Die vorliegende Arbeit betrachtet den Einfluss von Wald- und Wirtschaftswegen auf Abflussentstehung und Bodenerosionsraten innerhalb eines bewaldeten Einzugsgebiets im Naturschutzgebiet Laacher See. Hierfür wurden sowohl bestehende Erosions- und Akkumulationsformen im Gelände kartiert, als auch Erosionssimulationen mittels einer Kleinberegnungsanlage durchgeführt. Zuletzt erfolgte eine Modellierung des Erosionspotentials auf Grundlage der Simulationsergebnisse.
Die Analyse bestehender Erosions- und Akkumulationsformen im Gelände gab einen Hinweis auf Bodenerosionsraten von Wegoberflächen, die zwischen 27,3 und 93,5 t ha-1 a-1 und somit in derselben Größenordnung wie Erosionsraten unter intensiver ackerbaulicher Nutzung lagen.
Die Simulationsläufe zeigten, dass persistente Waldwege ein deutlich verändertes Infiltrationsverhalten aufwiesen. Auf natürlichen Waldböden lag der Anteil des infiltrierten Niederschlags bei durchschnittlich 96%. Im Falle von Waldwegen nahm dieser Anteil im Mittel auf 14% bis 7% ab. Besonders auffällig waren die Ergebnisse auf Rückegassen, auf denen ein erheblicher Einfluss der Bodenverdichtung durch Befahrung nachgewiesen werden konnte. Hier sank der Anteil des infiltrierten Niederschlags auf 31% in den Fahrspuren, zwischen den Spuren wurden noch 76 % infiltriert.
Während der Simulationsläufe konnten maximale Sedimentmengen von 446 g m-2 erodiert werden, was einer mittleren Bodenerosionsrate von 4,96 g m-2 min-1 entspricht. Diese hohen Abtragsraten wurden auf persistenten Wegen mit geringer Befestigung gemessen. Rückegassen wiesen die geringsten Abtragswerte auf, maximal konnten 37 g m-2 erodiert werden, gleichbedeutend mit einer Abtragsrate von 0,41 g m-2 min-1. Die erodierten Sedimentmengen betrugen im Mittel bei Wegen 167 bis 319 g m-2 und im Falle von Rückegassen 17 g m-2. Anhand von Vergleichsmessungen auf Waldstandorten, bei denen ein mittlerer Bodenabtrag von ca. 5 g m-2 festgestellt wurde, konnte eine erhöhte Erodierbarkeit für jedwede Form der Weganlage bestätigt werden.
Auf Basis der im Gelände gemessenen Abtragsraten wurden die Modellierungen kalibriert. Die Ergebnisse der ABAG / DIN 19708 zeigten für das betrachtete Untersuchungsgebiet eine mittlere jährliche Bodenerosionsgefährdung von 2,4 - 5,8 t ha-1 a-1 für persistente Wege und von 0,5 t ha-1 a-1 für Rückegassen. Im Vergleich zum Mittelwert weitgehend unbeeinflusster Waldflächen im Untersuchungsgebiet von 0,1 t ha-1 a-1 zeigte sich abermals ein erhöhtes Abtragspotential. Die physikalisch basierte Modellierung der Beregnungsversuche mittels WEPP zeigte ein zufriedenstellendes Ergebnis bei der Einschätzung des Abflussverhaltens, so wurden für persistente Wege nur Abweichungen von maximal -5% festgestellt. Die Abflussmodellierung auf Rückegassen sowie die generelle Modellierung der Bodenerosion während der Beregnungsversuche zeigte sich im Kontrast hierzu noch fehlerbehaftet, was ursächlich mit der für ein physikalisches Modell relativ geringen Eingangsdatentiefe zu begründen ist.
Es wurde nachgewiesen, dass Waldwege einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf den Wasserhaushalt und das Bodenerosionsgeschehen haben. Der Rückhalt von Niederschlägen wird gemindert und es kommt zu intensivierten Bodenerosionsprozessen. Schlecht befestigte Wege zeigten einen stark erhöhten Bodenabtrag, der zu ökologischen Folgeschäden führen kann. Der Abtrag kann ebenso zu einer Beeinträchtigung der Befahrbarkeit führen. Anhand der Folgen lässt sich die Relevanz der Betrachtung von Abfluss- und Bodenerosionsprozessen auf Wald- und Wirtschaftswegen deutlich machen. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die erste Studie dar, innerhalb derer Abfluss- und Bodenerosionspozesse für Walderschließungsnetzwerke in Mitteleuropa untersucht wurden.
Immersion into narrative worlds - theoretical and empirical approaches to audience experience
(2015)
Die vorliegende Dissertation widmet sich dem Phänomen des Erlebens der Rezeption von audiovisuellen narrativen unterhaltenden Medieninhalten. Dieses wird zunächst in die Rezeptions- und Wirkungsforschung eingeordnet und für das weitere Vorgehen konkretisiert: Transportation und Narrative Engagement stellen aktuell die beiden wichtigsten Konzepte der Medienpsychologie bezüglich der Nutzung und Wirkung von Geschichten dar.
Anschließend werden drei Fragestellungen bearbeitet. Bisher standen Forscher und Forscherinnen vor dem Problem der Manipulation des Rezeptionserlebens. Daher wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit zwei Verfahren vorgeschlagen und in vier experimentellen Studien geprüft. Der Einsatz von Rezensionen erwies sich als geeignet, um bei allen narrativen unterhaltenden Texten das Rezeptionserleben ökonomisch zu manipulieren. Weiterhin gibt es bislang kein etabliertes Verfahren zur rezeptionsbegleitenden Messung des Rezeptionserlebens.
In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Verfahren aus einer Kombination von Real Time Response Measurement (RTR), Secondary Task Reaction Times (STRT) und der Erhebung der Lidschlagfrequenz entwickelt. Vor allem RTR war in der Lage, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Rezeptionserleben auftretenden emotionalen Prozesse zu erfassen. Die Befürchtung, die rezeptionsbegleitenden Messmethoden könnten das Rezeptionserleben verhindern, wurde in einer weiteren experimentellen Studie größtenteils entkräftet. Zuletzt wurde der Prozess des Zusammenfassens des Rezeptionserlebens in ein postrezeptives Urteil thematisiert. Nach der Entwicklung eines Rahmenmodells der Beantwortung postrezeptiver Skalen wurde in einer weiteren Studie die Bedeutung verschiedener Verlaufsparameter für das postrezeptive Urteil untersucht. Vier ausgesuchte Parameter zusammen können das postrezeptive Urteil besser erklären als der Verlaufs-Mittelwert. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer Diskussion, in der unter anderem die dynamische und die postrezeptive Messung des Rezeptionserlebens aufeinanderrnbezogen werden und hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutung kritische Würdigung erfahren.
Engineered nanoparticles are emerging pollutants. Their increasing use in commercial products suggests a similar increase of their concentrations in the environment. Studying the fate of engineered colloids in the environment is highly challenging due to the complexity of their possible interactions with the main actors present in aquatic systems. Solution chemistry is one of the most central aspects. In particular, the interactions with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and with natural colloids are still weakly understood.
The aim of this work was to further develop the dedicated analytical methods required for investigating the fate of engineered colloids in environmental media as influenced by DOM. Reviewing the literature on DOM interactions with inorganic colloids revealed that a systematic characterization of both colloids and DOM, although essential, lacks in most studies and that further investigations on the fractionation of DOM on the surface of engineered colloids is needed. Another knowledge gap concerns the effects of DOM on the dynamic structure of colloid agglomerates. For this question, analytical techniques dedicated to the characterization of agglomerates in environmental media at low concentrations are required. Such techniques should remain accurate at low concentrations, be specific, widely matrix independent and free of artefact due to sample preparation. Unfortunately, none of the currently available techniques (microscopy, light scattering based methods, separation techniques etc.) fulfills these requirements.
However, a compromise was found with hydrodynamic chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HDC-ICP-MS). This method has the potential to size inorganic particles in complex media in concentration ranges below ppb and is element specific; however, its limitations were not systematically explored. In this work, the potential of this method has been further explored. The simple size separation mechanism ensures a high flexibility of the elution parameters and universal calibration can be accurately applied to particles of different compositions and surface chemistries. The most important limitations of the method are its low size resolution and the effect of the particle shape on the retention factor. The implementation of HDC coupled to single particle ICP-MS (HDC-SP-ICP-MS) offers new possibilities for the recognition of particle shape and hence the differentiation between primary particles and homoagglomerates. Therefore, this coupling technique is highly attractive for monitoring the effects of DOM on the stability of colloids in complex media. The versatility of HDC ICP MS is demonstrated by its successful applications to diverse samples. In particular, it has been used to investigate the stability of citrate stabilized silver colloids in reconstituted natural water in the presence of different types of natural organic matter. These particles were stable for at least one hour independently of the type of DOM used and the pH, in accordance with a coauthored publication addressing the stability of silver colloids in the River Rhine. Direct monitoring of DOM adsorption on colloids was not possible using UV and fluorescence detectors. Preliminary attempts to investigate the adsorption mechanism of humic acids on silver colloids using fluorescence spectroscopy suggest that fluorescent molecules are not adsorbed on silver particles. Several solutions for overcoming the encountered difficulties in the analysis of DOM interactions are proposed and the numerous perspectives offered by further developments and applications of HDC-(SP)-ICP-MS in environmental sciences are discussed in detail.
The intention of this thesis was to characterise the effect of naturally occurring multivalent cations like Calcium and Aluminium on the structure of Soil Organic Matter (SOM) as well as on the sorption behaviour of SOM for heavy metals such as lead.
The first part of this thesis describes the results of experiments in which the Al and Ca cation content was changed for various samples originated from soils and peats of different regions in Germany. The second part focusses on SOM-metal cation precipitates to study rigidity in dependence of the cation content. In the third part the effects of various cation contents in SOM on the binding strength of Pb cations were characterised by using a cation exchange resin as desorption method.
It was found for soil and peat samples as well as precipitates that matrix rigidity was affected by both type and content of cation. The influence of Ca on rigidity was less pronounced than the influence of Al and of Pb used in the precipitation experiments. For each sample one cation content was identified where matrix rigidity was most pronounced. This specific cation content is below the cation saturation as expected by cation exchange capacity. These findings resulted in a model describing the relation between cation type, content and the degree of networking in SOM. For all treated soil and precipitate samples a step transition like glass transition was observed, determined by the step transition temperature T*. It is known from literature that this type of step transition is due to bridges between water molecules and organic functional groups in SOM. In contrast to the glass transition temperature this thermal event is slowly reversing after days or weeks depending on the re-conformation of the water molecules. Therefore, changes of T* with different cation compositions in the samples are explained by the formation of water-molecule-cation bridges between SOM-functional groups. No influence on desorption kinetics of lead for different cation compositions in soil samples was observed. Therefore it can be assumed that the observed changes of matrix rigidity are highly reversible by changing the water status, pH or putting agitation energy by shaking in there.
The increasing, anthropogenic demand for chemicals has created large environmental problems with repercussions for the health of the environment, especially aquatic ecosystems. As a result, the awareness of the public and decision makers on the risks from chemical pollution has increased over the past half-century, prompting a large number of studies in the field of ecological toxicology (ecotoxicology). However, the majority of ecotoxicological studies are laboratory based, and the few studies extrapolating toxicological effects in the field are limited to local and regional levels. Chemical risk assessment on large spatial scales remains largely unexplored, and therefore, the potential large-scale effects of chemicals may be overlooked.
To answer ecotoxicological questions, multidisciplinary approaches that transcend classical chemical and toxicological concepts are required. For instance, the current models for toxicity predictions - which are mainly based on the prediction of toxicity for a single compound and species - can be expanded to simultaneously predict the toxicity for different species and compounds. This can be done by integrating chemical concepts such as the physicochemical properties of the compounds with evolutionary concepts such as the similarity of species. This thesis introduces new, multidisciplinary tools for chemical risk assessments, and presents for the first time a chemical risk assessment on the continental scale.
After a brief introduction of the main concepts and objectives of the studies, this thesis starts by presenting a new method for assessing the physiological sensitivity of macroinvertebrate species to heavy metals (Chapter 2). To compare the sensitivity of species to different heavy metals, toxicity data were standardized to account for the different laboratory conditions. These rankings were not significantly different for different heavy metals, allowing the aggregation of physiological sensitivity into a single ranking.
Furthermore, the toxicological data for macroinvertebrates were used as input data to develop and validate prediction models for heavy metal toxicity, which are currently lacking for a wide array of species (Chapter 3). Apart from the toxicity data, the phylogenetic information of species (evolutionary relationships among species) and the physicochemical parameters for heavy metals were used. The constructed models had a good explanatory power for the acute sensitivity of species to heavy metals with the majority of the explained variance attributed to phylogeny. Therefore, the integration of evolutionary concepts (relatedness and similarity of species) with the chemical parameters used in ecotoxicology improved prediction models for species lacking experimental toxicity data. The ultimate goal of the prediction models developed in this thesis is to provide accurate predictions of toxicity for a wide range of species and chemicals, which is a crucial prerequisite for conducting chemical risk assessment.
The latter was conducted for the first time on the continental scale (Chapter 4), by making use of a dataset of 4,000 sites distributed throughout 27 European countries and 91 respective river basins. Organic chemicals were likely to exert acute risks for one in seven sites analyzed, while chronic risk was prominent for almost half of the sites. The calculated risks are potentially underestimated by the limited number of chemicals that are routinely analyzed in monitoring programmes, and a series of other uncertainties related with the limit of quantification, the presence of mixtures, or the potential for sublethal effects not covered by direct toxicity.
Furthermore, chemical risk was related to agricultural and urban areas in the upstream catchments. The analysis of ecological data indicated chemical impacts on the ecological status of the river systems; however, it is difficult to discriminate the effects of chemical pollution from other stressors that river systems are exposed to. To test the hypothesis of multiple stressors, and investigate the relative importance of organic toxicants, a dataset for German streams is used in chapter 5. In that study, the risk from abiotic (habitat degradation, organic chemicals, and nutrients enrichment) and biotic stressors (invasive species) was investigated. The results indicated that more than one stressor influenced almost all sites. Stream size and ecoregions influenced the distribution of risks, e.g., the risks for habitat degradation, organic chemicals and invasive species increased with the stream size; whereas organic chemicals and nutrients were more likely to influence lowland streams. In order to successfully mitigate the effects of pollutants in river systems, co-occurrence of stressors has to be considered. Overall, to successfully apply integrated water management strategies, a framework involving multiple environmental stressors on large spatial scales is necessary. Furthermore, to properly address the current research needs in ecotoxicology, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary which integrates fields such as, toxicology, ecology, chemistry and evolutionary biology.
A fundamental understanding of attachment of engineered nanoparticles to environmentalrnsurfaces is essential for the prediction of nanoparticle fate and transport in the environment.
The present work investigates the attachment of non-coated silver nanoparticles and citraterncoated silver nanoparticles to different model surfaces and environmental surfaces in thernpresence and absence of humic acid. Batch sorption experiments were used for this investigation.
The objective of this thesis was to investigate how silver nanoparticles interactrnwith surfaces having different chemical functional groups. The effect of presence of HA, on the particle-surface interactions was also investigated. In the absence of humic acid, nanoparticle-surface interactions or attachment was influencedrnby the chemical nature of the interacting surfaces. On the other hand, in the presence ofrnhumic acid, nanoparticle-surface attachment was influenced by the specific surface area of the sorbent surfaces. The sorption of non-coated silver nanoparticles and citrate coatedrnnanoparticles to all the surfaces was nonlinear and best described by Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer sorption of nanoparticles on to the surfaces. This can be explained as due to the blocking effect generated by the particle-particle repulsion. In the presence of humic acid, sorption of nanoparticles to the surfaces was linear. When the humic acid was present in the interacting medium, both the nanoparticles and surfaces were getting coated with humic acid and this masks the chemical functionalities of the surfaces. This leads to the change in particle-surface interactions, in the presence of humic acid. For the silver nanoparticle sorption from an unstable suspension, the sorption isotherms did not follow any classical sorption models, suggesting interplay between aggregation and sorption. Citrate coated silver nanoparticles and humic acid coated silver nanoparticles showed arndepression in sorption compared to the sorption of non-coated silver nanoparticles. In therncase of citrate coated silver nanoparticles the decrease in sorption can be explained by thernmore negative zeta potential of citrate coated nanoparticles compared to non-coated ones. For humic acid coated nanoparticles the sorption depression can be due to the steric hindrance caused by the free humic acid molecules which may coat the sorbent surface or due to the competition for sorption sites between the nanoparticle and free humic acid molecules present in the suspension. Thus nanoparticle surface chemistry is an important factor that determines the attachment of nanoparticles towards surfaces and it makes the characterization of nanoparticle surface an essential step in the study of their fate in the environment.
Another aim of this study was to introduce the potential of chemical force microscopy for nanoparticle surface characterization. With the use of this technique, it was possible to distinguish between bare silver nanoparticles, citrate coated silver nanoparticles, and humic acid coated silver nanoparticles. This was possible by measuring the adhesion forces between the nanoparticles and five different AFM probes having different chemical functionalization.
Zentrale Aufgaben der Hochschule sind die Bewertung, die Ursachenklärung und die Förderung von Studienleistungen (Heublein & Wolter, 2011, S. 215). In diesem Kontext gilt neben intellektuellen Fähigkeiten die Leistungsmotivation als bedeutsamer Prädiktor für den akademischen Erfolg (z. B. Schmidt-Atzert, 2005, S. 132; Steinmayr & Spinath, 2009, S. 80). Im Fokus der vorliegenden Studie stehen deshalb Überlegungen zu Motivationsprozessen von 332 Studienanfängern der Hochschule der Bundesagentur für Arbeit und zu den Faktoren, die sich förderlich auf ihre Lernresultate auswirken. Mit einer Ausschöpfungsquote von 89 % sind die gewonnenen Daten für die Grundgesamtheit repräsentativ. Anhand einer Ex-post-facto-Versuchsanordnung in Form eines quantitativen Prädiktor-Kriteriums-Ansatzes (spezielle Variante eines Längsschnittdesigns) mit unterschiedlichen Erhebungsmethoden, wie standardisiertem Selbstbeurteilungsfragebogen, Leistungstests und offiziellen Dokumenten/Aktenmaterial, wurden folgende Forschungshypothesen zugrunde gelegt: Die Stärke der Leistungsmotivation ist sowohl von Erwartungskomponenten (Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept, Selbstwert, subjektive Notenerwartung, Erfolgszuversicht und Misserfolgsfurcht) als auch von Anreizkomponenten (Gegenstands-, Tätigkeits-, Folgenanreizen) abhängig, welche wiederum vermittelt über das leistungsmotivierte Verhalten einen Einfluss auf die Studienleistung besitzt. Dabei wurde postuliert, dass motivationale Variablen auch dann noch einen bedeutsamen Effekt auf die Studienleistung ausüben, wenn weitere Leistungsprädiktoren, wie die Schulabschlussnote, die Intelligenz, die emotionale Stabilität und die Gewissenhaftigkeit kontrolliert werden.
The publication of freely available and machine-readable information has increased significantly in the last years. Especially the Linked Data initiative has been receiving a lot of attention. Linked Data is based on the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and anybody can simply publish their data in RDF and link it to other datasets. The structure is similar to the World Wide Web where individual HTML documents are connected with links. Linked Data entities are identified by URIs which are dereferenceable to retrieve information describing the entity. Additionally, so called SPARQL endpoints can be used to access the data with an algebraic query language (SPARQL) similar to SQL. By integrating multiple SPARQL endpoints it is possible to create a federation of distributed RDF data sources which acts like one big data store.
In contrast to the federation of classical relational database systems there are some differences for federated RDF data. RDF stores are accessed either via SPARQL endpoints or by resolving URIs. There is no coordination between RDF data sources and machine-readable meta data about a source- data is commonly limited or not available at all. Moreover, there is no common directory which can be used to discover RDF data sources or ask for sources which offer specific data. The federation of distributed and linked RDF data sources has to deal with various challenges. In order to distribute queries automatically, suitable data sources have to be selected based on query details and information that is available about the data sources. Furthermore, the minimization of query execution time requires optimization techniques that take into account the execution cost for query operators and the network communication overhead for contacting individual data sources. In this thesis, solutions for these problems are discussed. Moreover, SPLENDID is presented, a new federation infrastructure for distributed RDF data sources which uses optimization techniques based on statistical information.
This thesis addresses the problem of terrain classification in unstructured outdoor environments. Terrain classification includes the detection of obstacles and passable areas as well as the analysis of ground surfaces. A 3D laser range finder is used as primary sensor for perceiving the surroundings of the robot. First of all, a grid structure is introduced for data reduction. The chosen data representation allows for multi-sensor integration, e.g., cameras for color and texture information or further laser range finders for improved data density. Subsequently, features are computed for each terrain cell within the grid. Classification is performedrnwith a Markov random field for context-sensitivity and to compensate for sensor noise and varying data density within the grid. A Gibbs sampler is used for optimization and is parallelized on the CPU and GPU in order to achieve real-time performance. Dynamic obstacles are detected and tracked using different state-of-the-art approaches. The resulting information - where other traffic participants move and are going to move to - is used to perform inference in regions where the terrain surface is partially or completely invisible for the sensors. Algorithms are tested and validated on different autonomous robot platforms and the evaluation is carried out with human-annotated ground truth maps of millions of measurements. The terrain classification approach of this thesis proved reliable in all real-time scenarios and domains and yielded new insights. Furthermore, if combined with a path planning algorithm, it enables full autonomy for all kinds of wheeled outdoor robots in natural outdoor environments.
While the 1960s and 1970s still knew permanent education (Council of Europe), recurrent education (OECD) and lifelong education (UNESCO), over the past 20 years, lifelong learning has become the single emblem for reforms in (pre-) primary, higher and adult education systems and international debates on education. Both highly industrialized and less industrialized countries embrace the concept as a response to the most diverse economic, social and demographic challenges - in many cases motivated by international organizations (IOs).
Yet, literature on the nature of this influence, the diffusion of the concept among IOs and their understanding of it is scant and usually focuses on a small set of actors. Based on longitudinal data and a large set of education documents, the work identifies rapid diffusion of the concept across a heterogeneous, expansive and dynamic international field of 88 IOs in the period 1990-2013, which is difficult to explain with functionalist accounts.
Based on the premises of world polity theory, this paper argues that what diffuses resembles less the bundle of systemic reforms usually associated with the concept in the literature and more a surprisingly detailed model of a new actor " the lifelong learner.
Through the increasing availability of access to the web, more and more interactions between people take place in online social networks, such as Twitter or Facebook, or sites where opinions can be exchanged. At the same time, knowledge is made openly available for many people, such as by the biggest collaborative encyclopedia Wikipedia and diverse information in Internet forums and on websites. These two kinds of networks - social networks and knowledge networks - are highly dynamic in the sense that the links that contain the important information about the relationships between people or the relations between knowledge items are frequently updated or changed. These changes follow particular structural patterns and characteristics that are far less random than expected.
The goal of this thesis is to predict three characteristic link patterns for the two network types of interest: the addition of new links, the removal of existing links and the presence of latent negative links. First, we show that the prediction of link removal is indeed a new and challenging problem. Even if the sociological literature suggests that reasons for the formation and resolution of ties are often complementary, we show that the two respective prediction problems are not. In particular, we show that the dynamics of new links and unlinks lead to the four link states of growth, decay, stability and instability. For knowledge networks we show that the prediction of link changes greatly benefits from the usage of temporal information; the timestamp of link creation and deletion events improves the prediction of future link changes. For that, we present and evaluate four temporal models that resemble different exploitation strategies. Focusing on directed social networks, we conceptualize and evaluate sociological constructs that explain the formation and dissolution of relationships between users. Measures based on information about past relationships are extremely valuable for predicting the dissolution of social ties. Hence, consistent for knowledge networks and social networks, temporal information in a network greatly improves the prediction quality. Turning again to social networks, we show that negative relationship information such as distrust or enmity can be predicted from positive known relationships in the network. This is particularly interesting in networks where users cannot label their relationships to other users as negative. For this scenario we show how latent negative relationships can be predicted.
In the recent years, Software Engineering research has shown the rise of interest in the empirical studies. Such studies are often based on empirical evidence derived from corpora - collections of software artifacts. While there are established forms of carrying out empirical research (experiments, case studies, surveys, etc.), the common task of preparing the underlying collection of software artifacts is typically addressed in ad hoc manner.
In this thesis, by means of a literature survey we show how frequently software engineering research employs software corpora and using a developed classification scheme we discuss their characteristics. Addressing the lack of methodology, we suggest a method of corpus (re-)engineering and apply it to an existing collection of Java projects.
We report two extensive empirical studies, where we perform a broad and diverse range of analyses on the language for privacy preferences (P3P) and on object-oriented application programming interfaces (APIs). In both cases, we are driven by the data at hand, by the corpus itself, discovering the actual usage of the languages.