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Institute
- Institute for Web Science and Technologies (57) (remove)
In this thesis, I study the spectral characteristics of large dynamic networks and formulate the spectral evolution model. The spectral evolution model applies to networks that evolve over time, and describes their spectral decompositions such as the eigenvalue and singular value decomposition. The spectral evolution model states that over time, the eigenvalues of a network change while its eigenvectors stay approximately constant.
I validate the spectral evolution model empirically on over a hundred network datasets, and theoretically by showing that it generalizes arncertain number of known link prediction functions, including graph kernels, path counting methods, rank reduction and triangle closing. The collection of datasets I use contains 118 distinct network datasets. One dataset, the signed social network of the Slashdot Zoo, was specifically extracted during work on this thesis. I also show that the spectral evolution model can be understood as a generalization of the preferential attachment model, if we consider growth in latent dimensions of a network individually. As applications of the spectral evolution model, I introduce two new link prediction algorithms that can be used for recommender systems, search engines, collaborative filtering, rating prediction, link sign prediction and more.
The first link prediction algorithm reduces to a one-dimensional curve fitting problem from which a spectral transformation is learned. The second method uses extrapolation of eigenvalues to predict future eigenvalues. As special cases, I show that the spectral evolution model applies to directed, undirected, weighted, unweighted, signed and bipartite networks. For signed graphs, I introduce new applications of the Laplacian matrix for graph drawing, spectral clustering, and describe new Laplacian graph kernels. I also define the algebraic conflict, a measure of the conflict present in a signed graph based on the signed graph Laplacian. I describe the problem of link sign prediction spectrally, and introduce the signed resistance distance. For bipartite and directed graphs, I introduce the hyperbolic sine and odd Neumann kernels, which generalize the exponential and Neumann kernels for undirected unipartite graphs. I show that the problem of directed and bipartite link prediction are related by the fact that both can be solved by considering spectral evolution in the singular value decomposition.
Expert-driven business process management is an established means for improving efficiency of organizational knowledge work. Implicit procedural knowledge in the organization is made explicit by defining processes. This approach is not applicable to individual knowledge work due to its high complexity and variability. However, without explicitly described processes there is no analysis and efficient communication of best practices of individual knowledge work within the organization. In addition, the activities of the individual knowledge work cannot be synchronized with the activities in the organizational knowledge work.rnrnSolution to this problem is the semantic integration of individual knowledgernwork and organizational knowledge work by means of the patternbased core ontology strukt. The ontology allows for defining and managing the dynamic tasks of individual knowledge work in a formal way and to synchronize them with organizational business processes. Using the strukt ontology, we have implemented a prototype application for knowledge workers and have evaluated it at the use case of an architectural fifirm conducting construction projects.
Die nächste Generation des World Wide Web, das Semantic Web, erlaubt Benutzern, Unmengen an Informationen über die Grenzen von Webseiten und Anwendungen hinaus zu veröffentlichen und auszutauschen. Die Prinzipien von Linked Data beschreiben Konventionen, um diese Informationen maschinenlesbar zu veröffentlichen. Obwohl es sich aktuell meist um Linked Open Data handelt, deren Verbreitung nicht beschränkt, sondern explizit erwünscht ist, existieren viele Anwendungsfälle, in denen der Zugriff auf Linked Data in Resource Description Framework (RDF) Repositories regelbar sein soll. Bisher existieren lediglich Ansätze für die Lösung dieser Problemstellung, weshalb die Veröffentlichung von vertraulichen Inhalten mittels Linked Data bisher nicht möglich war.
Aktuell können schützenswerte Informationen nur mit Hilfe eines externen Betreibers kontrolliert veröffentlicht werden. Dabei werden alle Daten auf dessen System abgelegt und verwaltet. Für einen wirksamen Schutz sind weitere Zugriffsrichtlinien, Authentifizierung von Nutzern sowie eine sichere Datenablage notwendig.
Beispiele für ein solches Szenario finden sich bei den sozialen Netzwerken wie Facebook oder StudiVZ. Die Authentifizierung aller Nutzer findet über eine zentrale Webseite statt. Anschließend kann beispielsweise über eine Administrationsseite der Zugriff auf Informationen für bestimmte Nutzergruppen definiert werden. Trotz der aufgezeigten Schutzmechanismen hat der Betreiber selbst immer Zugriff auf die Daten und Inhalte aller Nutzer.
Dieser Zustand ist nicht zufriedenstellend.
Die Idee des Semantic Webs stellt einen alternativen Ansatz zur Verfügung. Der Nutzer legt seine Daten an einer von ihm kontrollierten Stelle ab, beispielsweise auf seinem privaten Server. Im Gegensatz zum zuvor vorgestellten Szenario ist somit jeder Nutzer selbst für Kontrollmechanismen wie Authentifizierung und Zugriffsrichtlinien verantwortlich.
Innerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Framework konzeptioniert und entworfen, welches es mit Hilfe von Regeln erlaubt, den Zugriff auf RDF-Repositories zu beschränken. In Kapitel 2 werden zunächst die bereits existierenden Ansätze für die Zugriffssteuerung vertraulicher Daten im Sematic Web vorgestellt. Des Weiteren werden in Kapitel 3 grundlegende Mechanismen und Techniken erläutert, welche in dieser Arbeit Verwendung finden. In Kapitel 4 wird die Problemstellung konkretisiert und anhand eines Beispielszenarios analysiert.
Nachdem Anforderungen und Ansprüche erhoben sind, werden in Kapitel 6 verschiedene Lösungsansätze, eine erste Implementierung und ein Prototyp vorgestellt. Abschließend werden die Ergebnisse der Arbeit und die resultierenden Ausblicke in Kapitel 7 zusammengefasst.
Graphs are known to be a good representation of structured data. TGraphs, which are typed, attributed, ordered, and directed graphs, are a very general kind of graphs that can be used for many domains. The Java Graph Laboratory (JGraLab) provides an efficient implementation of TGraphs with all their properties. JGraLab ships with many features, including a query language (GReQL2) for extracting data from a graph. However, it lacks a generic library for important common graph algorithms. This mid-study thesis extends JGraLab with a generic algorithm library called Algolib, which provides a generic and extensible implementation of several important common graph algorithms. The major aspects of this work are the generic nature of Algolib, its extensibility, and the methods of software engineering that were used for achieving both. Algolib is designed to be extensible in two ways. Existing algorithms can be extended for solving specialized problems and further algorithms can be easily added to the library.
We present the user-centered, iterative design of Mobile Facets, a mobile application for the faceted search and exploration of a large, multi-dimensional data set of social media on a touchscreen mobile phone. Mobile Facets provides retrieval of resources such as places, persons, organizations, and events from an integration of different open social media sources and professional content sources, namely Wikipedia, Eventful, Upcoming, geo-located Flickr photos, and GeoNames. The data is queried live from the data sources. Thus, in contrast to other approaches we do not know in advance the number and type of facets and data items the Mobile Facets application receives in a specific contextual situation. While developingrnMobile Facets, we have continuously evaluated it with a small group of fifive users. We have conducted a task-based, formative evaluation of the fifinal prototype with 12 subjects to show the applicability and usability of our approach for faceted search and exploration on a touchscreen mobile phone.
SPARQL can be employed to query RDF documents using RDF triples. OWL-DL ontologies are a subset of RDF and they are created by using specific OWL-DL expressions. Querying such ontologies using only RDF triples can be complicated and can produce a preventable source of error depending on each query.
SPARQL-DL Abstract Syntax (SPARQLAS) solves this problem using OWL Functional-Style Syntax or a syntax similar to the Manchester Syntax for setting up queries. SPARQLAS is a proper subset of SPARQL and uses only the essential constructs to obtain the desired results to queries on OWL-DL ontologies implying least possible effort in writing.
Due to the decrease in size of the query and having a familiar syntax the user is able to rely on, complex and nested queries on OWL-DL ontologies can be more easily realized. The Eclipse plugin EMFText is utilized for generating the specific SPARQLAS syntax. For further implementation of SPARQLAS, an ATL transformation to SPARQL is included as well. This transformation saves developing a program to directly process SPARQLAS queries and supports embedding SPARQLAS into running development environments.
In dieser Arbeit wird das MobileFacets System präsentiert, dass ein bequemes facettiertes Browsen und Suchen von semantischen Daten auf einem mobilen Endgerät ermöglicht. Anwender bekommen in Abhängigkeit ihres lokalen Ortskontextes, weitreichende Informationen wie Orte, Personen, Organisationen oder Events dargeboten. Basierend auf der Theorie von Facetten, wird das facettierte Browsen zur Erkundung von strukturierten Datensätzen anhand einer Client Anwendung realisiert. Die Anwendung bedient sich dabei eines lokalen Servers, der für Anfragen der Clients, die Anbindung an externe Datenquellen und die Aufbereitung der strukturierten Daten zuständig ist.
Ontologies play an important role in knowledge representation for sharing information and collaboratively developing knowledge bases. They are changed, adapted and reused in different applications and domains resulting in multiple versions of an ontology. The comparison of different versions and the analysis of changes at a higher level of abstraction may be insightful to understand the changes that were applied to an ontology. While there is existing work on detecting (syntactical) differences and changes in ontologies, there is still a need in analyzing ontology changes at a higher level of abstraction like ontology evolution or refactoring pattern. In our approach we start from a classification of model refactoring patterns found in software engineering for identifying such refactoring patterns in OWL ontologies using DL reasoning to recognize these patterns.
In recent years ontologies have become common on the WWW to provide high-level descriptions of specific domains. These descriptions could be effectively used to build applications with the ability to find implicit consequences of their represented knowledge. The W3C developed the Resource Description Framework RDF, a language to describe the semantics of the data on the web, and the Ontology Web Language OWL, a family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies. In this thesis we propose an ontology API engineering framework that makes use of the state-of-the-art ontology modeling technologies as well as of software engineering technologies. This system simplifies the design and implementation process of developing dedicated APIs for ontologies. Developers of semantic web applications usually face the problem of mapping entities or complex relations described in the ontology to object-oriented representations. Mapping complex relationship structures that come with complex ontologies to a useful API requires more complicated API representations than does the mere mapping of concepts to classes. The implementation of correct object persistence functions in such class representations also becomes quite complex.
With the Multimedia Metadata Ontology (M3O), we have developed a sophisticated model for representing among others the annotation, decomposition, and provenance of multimedia metadata. The goal of the M3O is to integrate the existing metadata standards and metadata formats rather than replacing them. To this end, the M3O provides a scaffold needed to represent multimedia metadata. Being an abstract model for multimedia metadata, it is not straightforward how to use and specialize the M3O for concrete application requirements and existing metadata formats and metadata standards. In this paper, we present a step-by-step alignment method describing how to integrate and leverage existing multimedia metadata standards and metadata formats in the M3O in order to use them in a concrete application. We demonstrate our approach by integrating three existing metadata models: the Core Ontology on Multimedia (COMM), which is a formalization of the multimedia metadata standard MPEG-7, the Ontology for Media Resource of the W3C, and the widely known industry standard EXIF for image metadata
Existing tools for generating application programming interfaces (APIs) for ontologies lack sophisticated support for mapping the logics-based concepts of the ontology to an appropriate object-oriented implementation of the API. Such a mapping has to overcome the fundamental differences between the semantics described in the ontology and the pragmatics, i.e., structure, functionalities, and behavior implemented in the API. Typically, concepts from the ontology are mapped one-to-one to classes in the targeted programming language. Such a mapping only produces concept representations but not an API at the desired level of granularity expected by an application developer. We present a Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) process to generate customized APIs for ontologies. This API generation is based on the semantics defined in the ontology but also leverages additional information the ontology provides. This can be the inheritance structure of the ontology concepts, the scope of relevance of an ontology concept, or design patterns defined in the ontology.
We propose a new approach for mobile visualization and interaction of temporal information by integrating support for time with today's most prevalent visualization of spatial information, the map. Our approach allows for an easy and precise selection of the time that is of interest and provides immediate feedback to the users when interacting with it. It has been developed in an evolutionary process gaining formative feedback from end users.
Entwicklung eines generischen Sesame-Sails für die Abbildung von SPARQL-Anfragen auf Webservices
(2010)
Diese Arbeit soll eine Möglichkeit aufzeigen, aufbauend auf dem Sesame Framework Datenbestände von nicht-semantischen Web-Diensten im Sinne des Semantic Web auszuwerten. Konkret wird ein Sail (Webservice-Sail) entwickelt, das einen solchen Web-Dienst wie eine RDF-Quelle abfragen kann, indem es SPARQL-Ausdrücke in Methodenaufrufe des Dienstes übersetzt und deren Ergebnisse entsprechend auswertet und zurückgibt. Um eine möglichst große Anzahl von Webservices abdecken zu können, muss die Lösung entsprechend generisch gehalten sein. Das bedeutet aber insbesondere auch, dass das Sail auf die Modalitäten konkreter Services eingestellt werden muss. Es muss also auch eine geeignete Konfigurationsrepräsentation gefunden werden, um eine möglichst gute Unterstützung eines zu verwendenden Web-Dienstes durch das Webservice-Sail zu gewährleisten. Die Entwicklung einer solchen Repräsentation ist damit auch Bestandteil dieser Arbeit.
The novel mobile application csxPOI (short for: collaborative, semantic, and context-aware points-of-interest) enables its users to collaboratively create, share, and modify semantic points of interest (POI). Semantic POIs describe geographic places with explicit semantic properties of a collaboratively created ontology. As the ontology includes multiple subclassiffcations and instantiations and as it links to DBpedia, the richness of annotation goes far beyond mere textual annotations such as tags. With the intuitive interface of csxPOI, users can easily create, delete, and modify their POIs and those shared by others. Thereby, the users adapt the structure of the ontology underlying the semantic annotations of the POIs. Data mining techniques are employed to cluster and thus improve the quality of the collaboratively created POIs. The semantic POIs and collaborative POI ontology are published as Linked Open Data.
In recent development, attempts have been made to integrate UML and OWL into one hybrid modeling language, namely TwoUse. This aims at making use of the benefits of both modeling languages and overcoming the restrictions of each. In order to create a modeling language that will actually be used in software development an integration with OCL is needed. This integration has already been described at the contextual level in, however an implementation is lacking so far. The scope of this paper is the programatical implementation of the integration of TwoUse with OCL. In order to achieve this, two different OCL implementations that already provide parsing and interpretation functionalities for expressions over regular UML. This paper presents two attempts to extend existing OCL implementations, as well as a comparison of the existing approaches.
Unlocking the semantics of multimedia presentations in the web with the multimedia metadata ontology
(2010)
The semantics of rich multimedia presentations in the web such as SMIL, SVG and Flash cannot or only to a very limited extend be understood by search engines today. This hampers the retrieval of such presentations and makes their archival and management a difficult task. Existing metadata models and metadata standards are either conceptually too narrow, focus on a specific media type only, cannot be used and combined together, or are not practically applicable for the semantic description of rich multimedia presentations. In this paper, we propose the Multimedia Metadata Ontology (M3O) for annotating rich, structured multimedia presentations. The M3O provides a generic modeling framework for representing sophisticated multimedia metadata. It allows for integrating the features provided by the existing metadata models and metadata standards. Our approach bases on Semantic Web technologies and can be easily integrated with multimedia formats such as the W3C standards SMIL and SVG. With the M3O, we unlock the semantics of rich multimedia presentations in the web by making the semantics machine-readable and machine-understandable. The M3O is used with our SemanticMM4U framework for the multi-channel generation of semantically-rich multimedia presentations.
Der Idee des Semantic Desktop liegen die gleichen Konzepte zugrunde wie dem Semantic Web mit dem Unterschied, dass sie nun auf die Applikationen und Daten eines durchschnittlichen Desktops angewendet werden. Insbesondere geht es darum, die unterschiedlichen Sichten auf Daten, die durch unterschiedliche Anwendungen erzeugt werden, über eine kontextübergreifende Beschreibung zu integrieren. Z.B. können sich zwei Programme darin unterscheiden, dass eine E-Mail-Adresse in dem einen als aktiver Link dargestellt wird, über den sich direkt eine E-Mail versenden lässt, in dem anderen aber lediglich als Zeichenkette. In der angestrebten idealen Welt des Semantic Desktop würde diese Adresse unabhängig von ihrem Anzeigekontext auch als solche erkannt und behandelt. Ziel der Arbeit ist die Entwicklung einer Integrationsmöglichkeit, die es Applikationen erlaubt, Informationen über ihre Inhalte auszutauschen. Hierzu werden zunächst die Anforderungen an die zu erarbeitende Kommunikationskomponente aufgeführt und daraus das technische Umfeld abgeleitet. Dabei wird vor allem auf die einzusetzenden Technologien eingegangen, und die angewendeten Konzepte werden erläutert. Die Entwicklung und Beschreibung einer Testanwendung schließen den technischen Teil ab. Zuletzt wird die gesamte Entwicklung kritisch diskutiert und ein Ausblick auf mögliche fortführende Entwicklungen geboten.