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Augmented reality (AR) applications typically extend the user's view of the real world with virtual objects.
In recent years, AR has gained increasing popularity and attention, which has led to improvements in the required technologies. AR has become available to almost everyone.
Researchers have made great progress towards the goal of believable AR, in which the real and virtual worlds are combined seamlessly.
They mainly focus on issues like tracking, display technologies and user interaction, and give little attention to visual and physical coherence when real and virtual objects are combined. For example, virtual objects should not only respond to the user's input; they should also interact with real objects. Generally, AR becomes more believable and realistic if virtual objects appear fixed or anchored in the real scene, appear indistinguishable from the real scene, and response to any changes within it.
This thesis examines on three challenges in the field of computer vision to meet the goal of a believable combined world in which virtual objects appear and behave like real objects.
Firstly, the thesis concentrates on the well-known tracking and registration problem. The tracking and registration challenge is discussed and an approach is presented to estimate the position and viewpoint of the user so that virtual objects appear fixed in the real world. Appearance-based line models, which keep only relevant edges for tracking purposes, enable absolute registration in the real world and provide robust tracking. On the one hand, there is no need to spend much time creating suitable models manually. On the other hand, the tracking can deal with changes within the object or the scene to be tracked. Experiments have shown that the use of appearance-based line models improves the robustness, accuracy and re-initialization speed of the tracking process.
Secondly, the thesis deals with the subject of reconstructing the surface of a real environment and presents an algorithm to optimize an ongoing surface reconstruction. A complete 3D surface reconstruction of the target scene
offers new possibilities for creating more realistic AR applications. Several interactions between real and virtual objects, such as collision and occlusions, can be handled with physical correctness. Whereas previous methods focused on improving surface reconstructions offline after a capturing step, the presented method de-noises, extends and fills holes during the capturing process. Thus, users can explore an unknown environment without any preparation tasks such as moving around and scanning the scene, and without having to deal with the underlying technology in advance. In experiments, the approach provided realistic results where known surfaces were extended and filled in plausibly for different surface types.
Finally, the thesis focuses on handling occlusions between the real and virtual worlds more realistically, by re-interpreting the occlusion challenge as an alpha matting problem. The presented method overcomes limitations in state-of-the-art methods by estimating a blending coefficient per pixel of the rendered virtual scene, instead of calculating only their visibility. In several experiments and comparisons with other methods, occlusion handling through alpha matting worked robustly and overcame limitations of low-cost sensor data; it also outperformed previous work in terms of quality, realism and practical applicability.
The method can deal with noisy depth data and yields realistic results in regions where foreground and background are not strictly separable (e.g. caused by fuzzy objects or motion blur).
Despite the significant presence of neuroactive substances in the environment, bioassays that allow to detect diverse groups of neuroactive mechanisms of action are not well developed and not properly integrated into environmental monitoring and chemical regulation. Therefore, there is a need to develop testing methods which are amenable for fast and high-throughput neurotoxicity testing. The overall goal of this thesis work is to develop a test method for the toxicological characterization and screening of neuroactive substances and their mixtures which could be used for prospective and diagnostic hazard assessment.
In this thesis, the behavior of zebrafish embryos was explored as a promising tool to distinguish between different neuroactive mechanisms of action. Recently, new behavioral tests have been developed including photomotor response (PMR), locomotor response (LMR) and spontaneous tail coiling (STC) tests. However, the experimental parameters of these tests lack consistency in protocols such as exposure time, imaging time, age of exposure, endpoint parameter etc. To understand how experimental parameters may influence the toxicological interpretation of behavior tests, a systematic review of existing behavioral assays was conducted in Chapter 2. Results show that exposure concentration and exposure duration highly influenced the comparability between different test methods and the spontaneous tail coiling (STC) test was selected for further testing based on its relative higher sensitivity and capacity to detect neuroactive substances (Chapter 2).
STC is the first observable motor activity generated by the developing neural network of the embryo which is assumed to occur as a result of the innervation of the muscle by the primary motor neurons. Therefore, STC could be a useful endpoint to detect effect on the muscle innervation and also the on the whole nervous system. Consequently, important parameters of the STC test were optimized and an automated workflow to evaluate the STC with the open access software KNIME® was developed (Chapter 3).
To appropriately interpret the observed effect of a single chemical and especially mixture effects, requires the understanding of toxicokinetics and biotransformation. Most importantly, the biotransformation capacity of zebrafish embryos might be limited and this could be a challenge for assessment of chemicals such as organophosphates which require a bioactivation step to effectively inhibit the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. Therefore, the influence of the potential limited biotransformation on the toxicity pathway of a typical organophosphate, chlorpyrifos, was investigated in Chapter 5. Chlorpyrifos could not inhibit AChE and this was attributed to possible lack of biotransformation in 24 hpf embryos (Chapter 5).
Since neuroactive substances occur in the environment as mixtures, it is therefore more realistic to assess their combined effect rather than individually. Therefore, mixture toxicity was predicted using the concentration addition and independent action models. Result shows that mixtures of neuroactive substances with different mechanisms of action but similar effects can be predicted with concentration addition and independent action (Chapter 4). Apart
from being able to predict the combined effect of neuroactive substances for prospective risk assessment, it is also important to assess in retrospect the combined neurotoxic effect of environmental samples since neuroactive substances are the largest group of chemicals occurring in the environment. In Chapter 6, the STC test was found to be capable of detecting neurotoxic effects of a wastewater effluent sample. Hence, the STC test is proposed as an effect based tool for monitoring environmental acute and neurotoxic effects.
Overall, this thesis shows the utility and versatility of zebrafish embryo behavior testing for screening neuroactive substances and this allows to propose its use for prospective and diagnostic hazard assessment. This will enhance the move away from expensive and demanding animal testing. The information contained in this thesis is of great potential to provide precautionary solutions, not only for the exposure of humans to neuroactive chemicals but for the environment at large.
In der Masterthesis von Benjamin Waldmann mit dem Titel „Flusskrebse in Deutschland – Aktueller Stand der Verbreitung heimischer und invasiver gebietsfremder Flusskrebse in Deutschland; Überblick über die erfolgten Schutzmaßnahmen und den damit verbundenen Erfahrungen; Vernetzung der Akteure im Flusskrebsschutz“ wurden erstmals für alle heimischen wie gebietsfremden Flusskrebsarten (Zehnfußkrebse) Verbreitungskarten für Deutschland vorgelegt. Grundlage der Arbeit waren umfangreiche Recherchen und Abfragen zur Verbreitung der Arten in den Bundesländern bei den zuständigen Behörden, Institutionen, Artexperten und Privatpersonen. Die Rohdaten wurden qualitätsgesichert und in einem Geoinformationssystem aufbereitet und dargestellt, so dass daraus bundesweite Verbreitungskarten für jede Art in einem zehn Kilometerraster (UTM-Gitter im Bezugssystem ETRS89) erstellt werden konnten. Darüber hinaus wurden, ebenfalls auf Basis umfangreicher Recherchen und Abfragen, die unterschiedlichen Möglichkeiten für Schutzmaßnahmen für heimische Flusskrebspopulationen aufgezeigt, bewertet und daraus Empfehlungen abgeleitet. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde dabei auf das Management invasiver gebietsfremder Flusskrebsarten sowie der Umgang mit der Tierseuche Krebspest (Aphanomyces astaci) gelegt. Abschließend wurden Empfehlungen zur Vernetzung der Akteure im Flusskrebsschutz gegeben sowie die Ansprechpartner:innen in den einzelnen Bundesländern aufgeführt.
Wild bees are essential for the pollination of wild and cultivated plants. However, within the
last decades, the increasing intensification of modern agriculture has led to both a reduction and fragmentation as well as a degradation of the habitats wild bees need. The resulting loss of pollinators and their pollination poses an immense challenge to global food production. To support wild bees, the availability of flowering resources is essential. However, the flowering period of each resource is temporally limited and has different effects on pollinators and their pollination, depending on the time of their flowering.
Therefore, to efficiently promote and manage wild bee pollinators in agricultural landscapes, we identified species-specific key floral resources of three selected wild bee species and their spatial and temporal availability (CHAPTERS 2, 3 & 4). We examined, which habitat types predominantly provide these resources (CHAPTERS 3 & 4). We also investigated whether floral resource maps based on the use of these key resources and their spatial and temporal availability explain the abundance and development of the selected wild bees (CHAPTERS 3 & 4) and pollination (CHAPTER 5) better than habitat maps, that only indirectly account for the availability of floral resources.
For each of the species studied, we were able to identify different key pollen sources, predominantly woody plants in the early season (April/May) and increasingly herbaceous plants in the later season (June/July; CHAPTERS 2, 3 & 4). The open woody semi-natural habitats of our agricultural landscapes provided about 75% of the floral resources for the buff-tailed bumblebees, 60% for the red mason bees, and 55% for the horned mason bees studied, although they accounted for only 3% of the area (CHAPTERS 3 & 4). In addition, fruit orchards provided about 35% of the floral resources for the horned mason bees on 4% of the landscape area (CHAPTER 3). We showed that both mason bee species benefited from the resource availability in the surrounding landscapes (CHAPTER 3). Yet this was not the case for the bumblebees (CHAPTER 4). Instead, the weight gain of their colonies, the number of developed queen cells and their colony survival were higher with increasing proximity to forests. The proximity to forests also had a positive effect on the mason bees studied (CHAPTER 3). In addition, the red mason bees benefited from herbaceous semi-natural habitats. The proportion of built-up areas had a negative effect on the horned mason bees, and the proportion of arable land on the red mason bees. The habitat maps explained horned mason bee abundances equally well as the floral resource maps, but red mason bee abundances were distinctly better explained by key floral resources. The pollination of field bean increased with higher proportions of early floral resources, whereas synchronous floral resources showed no measurable reduction in their pollination (CHAPTER 5). Habitat maps also explained field bean pollination better than floral resource maps. Here, pollination increased with increasing proportions of built-up areas in the landscapes and decreased with increasing proportions of arable land.
Our results highlight the importance of the spatio-temporal availability of certain key species as resource plants of wild bees in agricultural landscapes. They show that habitat maps are ahead of, or at least equal to, spatio-temporally resolved floral resource maps in predicting wild bee development and pollination. Nevertheless, floral resource maps allow us to draw more accurate conclusions between key floral resources and the organisms studied. The proximity to forest edges had a positive effect on each of the three wild bee species studied. However, besides pure food availability, other factors seem to co-determine the occurrence of wild bees in agricultural landscapes.
Lernen in Citizen Science
(2021)
Unsere Welt und die technischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse verändern sich aktuell sehr schnell. Dies betrifft auch die naturwissenschaftliche Forschung und erfordert vermehrten Einsatz der Wissenschaftskommunikation und der Bildung. Ein Instrument der Wissenschaftskommunikation und eine Erweiterung des schulischen Unterrichts kann die Beteiligung von Freiwilligen bei wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten sein, welches auch als Citizen Science (CS) bezeichnet wird. CS Projekte erfreuen sich einer wachsenden Beliebtheit, unter anderem von Schulen (Burger, 2016). Dabei werden unter anderem die Förderung des Kontextwissens, der Scientific Literacy, der Umwelteinstellung und des –verhaltens versprochen (Peter et al., 2019). Interventionsstudien zu den Bildungspotentialen kommen jedoch zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen (Gommermann & Monroe, 2012; Turrini et al., 2018). Diese inkonsistenten Ergebnisse der Studien können auf die unterschiedliche Gestaltung der einzelnen evaluierten CS Projekte zurückgeführt werden. Es wird angenommen, dass Teilnehmende, die in mehr Schritten des wissenschaftlichen Prozesses eingebunden werden, ein größeres Bildungspotential haben, als Teilnehmende, die nur in wenige Schritte eingebunden werden (Burger, 2016; Shirk & Bonney, 2018). Bonney, Ballard et al. (2009) haben dazu ein dreistufiges Modell entwickelt. Das Modell wird unter anderem auch von Shirk et al. (2012) und Jordan et al. (2015) unterstützt, ist jedoch bezüglich der Lernwirksamkeit nicht empirisch überprüft (Edwards et al., 2018; Jordan et al., 2015). Deswegen schließt die Forschungsfrage dieser Studie hier an: Unter welchem Partizipationsansatz sind die Lerneffekte in einem CS Projekt am größten für Schülerinnen und Schüler? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wurde ein CS Projekt mit drei Experimentalgruppen geplant und durchgeführt. Insgesamt nahmen 199 Schülerinnen und Schüler an dem Projekt teil. Innerhalb der Interventionsstudie wurden die Schülerinnen und Schüler zu drei Testzeitpunkten zur Umwelteinstellung und -verhalten, Nature of Science, Einstellung zur Wissenschaft und dem Kontextwissen befragt. Die Analysen über die Messzeitpunkte zeigen keine statistisch signifikanten Einflüsse der Experimentalgruppen auf die abhängigen Variablen. Jedoch ist die Teststärke bei allen Tests zu gering, um abschließende Aussagen über die Annahmen zu treffen. Wird jedoch die generelle Wirkung der Intervention betrachtet, zeigen sich signifikante Effekte auf alle Schülerinnen und Schüler, unter anderem steigt das Verständnis über Nature of Science. Diese Ergebnisse stimmen mit früheren Schlussfolgerungen von Phillips (2017), Phillips et al. (2019) und Del Bianco (2018) überein, die ebenfalls Zweifel an dem Modell von Bonney, Ballard et al. (2009) äußerten. Innerhalb dieses CS Projektes konnte sich keiner der drei Partizipationsansätze bezüglich des Bildungspotential für Schülerinnen und Schüler hervorheben lassen. Jedoch ist diese Studie unter anderem durch die geringe Teststärke limitiert und endgültige Aussagen bedürfen weiterer systematischer Forschung.
Efficient Cochlear Implant (CI) surgery requires prior knowledge of the cochlea’s size and its characteristics. This information helps to select suitable implants for different patients. Registered and fused images helps doctors by providing more informative image that takes advantages of different modalities. The cochlea’s small size and complex structure, in addition to the different resolutions and head positions during imaging, reveals a big challenge for the automated registration of the different image modalities. To obtain an automatic measurement of the cochlea length and the volume size, a segmentation method of cochlea medical images is needed. The goal of this dissertation is to introduce new practical and automatic algorithms for the human cochlea multi-modal 3D image registration, fusion, segmentation and analysis. Two novel methods for automatic cochlea image registration (ACIR) and automatic cochlea analysis (ACA) are introduced. The proposed methods crop the input images to the cochlea part and then align the cropped images to obtain the optimal transformation. After that, this transformation is used to align the original images. ACIR and ACA use Mattes mutual information as similarity metric, the adaptive stochastic gradient descent (ASGD) or the stochastic limited memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (s-LBFGS) optimizer to estimate the parameters of 3D rigid transform. The second stage of nonrigid registration estimates B-spline coefficients that are used in an atlas-model-based segmentation to extract cochlea scalae and the relative measurements of the input image. The image which has segmentation is aligned to the input image to obtain the non-rigid transformation. After that the segmentation of the first image, in addition to point-models are transformed to the input image. The detailed transformed segmentation provides the scala volume size. Using the transformed point-models, the A-value, the central scala lengths, the lateral and the organ of corti scala tympani lengths are computed. The methods have been tested using clinical 3D images of total 67 patients: from Germany (41 patients) and Egypt (26 patients). The atients are of different ages and gender. The number of images used in the experiments is 217, which are multi-modal 3D clinical images from CT, CBCT, and MRI scanners. The proposed methods are compared to the state of the arts ptimizers related medical image registration methods e.g. fast adaptive stochastic gradient descent (FASGD) and efficient preconditioned tochastic gradient descent (EPSGD). The comparison used the root mean squared distance (RMSE) between the ground truth landmarks and the resulted landmarks. The landmarks are located manually by two experts to represent the round window and the top of the cochlea. After obtaining the transformation using ACIR, the landmarks of the moving image are transformed using the resulted transformation and RMSE of the transformed landmarks, and at the same time the fixed image landmarks are computed. I also used the active length of the cochlea implant electrodes to compute the error aroused by the image artifact, and I found out an error ranged from 0.5 mm to 1.12 mm. ACIR method’s RMSE average was 0.36 mm with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.17 mm. The total time average required for registration of an image pair using ACIR was 4.62 seconds with SD of 1.19 seconds. All experiments are repeated 3 times for justifications. Comparing the RMSE of ACIR2017 and ACIR2020 using paired T-test shows no significant difference (p-value = 0.17). The total RMSE average of ACA method was 0.61 mm with a SD of 0.22 mm. The total time average required for analysing an image was 5.21 seconds with SD of 0.93 seconds. The statistical tests show that there is no difference between the results from automatic A-value method and the manual A-value method (p-value = 0.42). There is no difference also between length’s measurements of the left and the right ear sides (p-value > 0.16). Comparing the results from German and Egypt dataset shows there is no difference when using manual or automatic A-value methods (p-value > 0.20). However, there is a significant difference when using ACA2000 method between the German and the Egyptian results (p-value < 0.001). The average time to obtain the segmentation and all measurements was 5.21 second per image. The cochlea scala tympani volume size ranged from 38.98 mm3 to 57.67 mm3 . The combined scala media and scala vestibuli volume size ranged from 34.98 mm 3 to 49.3 mm 3 . The overall volume size of the cochlea should range from 73.96 mm 3 to 106.97 mm 3 . The lateral wall length of scala tympani ranged from 42.93 mm to 47.19 mm. The organ-of-Corti length of scala tympani ranged from 31.11 mm to 34.08 mm. Using the A-value method, the lateral length of scala tympani ranged from 36.69 mm to 45.91 mm. The organ-of-Corti length of scala tympani ranged from 29.12 mm to 39.05 mm. The length from ACA2020 method can be visualised and has a well-defined endpoints. The ACA2020 method works on different modalities and different images despite the noise level or the resolution. In the other hand, the A-value method works neither on MRI nor noisy images. Hence, ACA2020 method may provide more reliable and accurate measurement than the A-value method. The source-code and the datasets are made publicly available to help reproduction and validation of my result.
In dieser wiederkehrenden Zeitschriftenreihe wollen wir die Arbeit junger Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler an der Universität Koblenz-Landau kommunizieren und Studierenden Austausch- und Publikationsmöglichkeiten für den wissenschaftlichen Werdegang eröffnen.
In dieser Ausgabe:
Julia Lellmann: An interdisciplinary research perspective on Holocaust perpetrators: Uniting historical and psychological approaches
Eva Barth: Auswirkungen des Geschlechts auf die Berufspraxis männlicher Pflegender im Kontext der Altenpflege: Eine Studie auf Grundlage von Experteninterviews mit männlichen Pflegekräften
Shabnam Ahmadshahi: Genderstereotype in deutschen Telenovelas aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Perspektive
Katharina Hoffmann: The Male Gaze: A Reading of Jonathan Glazer’s Under the Skin (2013) With the Help of Laura Mulvey’s ‘Male Gaze’ Theory as Postulated in “Visual Pleasures and Narrative Cinema”
Marie-Kristin Gutsche: Politeness in the English Language: Understanding Influences of Gender on Compliments and Apologies in the USA and Germany
Ida Germann: Action Recognition on Skeleton Sequences Using Graph Convolutional Neural Networks
In der Dissertation “Leben am und vom Rhein. Aspekte der Alltagsgeschichte in St. Goar und St. Goarshausen vom Späten Mittelalter bis zum Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts” untersucht der Autor Richard Lange die Historie “kleiner Leute” in zwei Städten am Mittelrhein.
Die Studie konzentriert sich dabei auf die Geschichte jener Berufe, die direkt vom Rhein abhängig waren, also in erster Linie auf das Zollpersonal, die Kranbediensteten sowie die Salmenfischer. Hinzu kommen einige weitere Berufszweige wie Treidler, Fährleute, Schiffsleute sowie Händler und Betreiber von Wirtshäusern.
Für all diese Gruppen wird, soweit anhand der Quellen möglich, der Alltag ihres Berufes nachgezeichnet. Auf diesem Wege wird versucht, das bunte Bild, das sich auf dem Rhein bisweilen bot, darzustellen und gleichzeitig aufzuzeigen, in welcher nicht zu unterschätzenden Weise der Rhein das ganze Leben in St. Goar und St. Goarshausen über die Jahrhunderte hinweg beeinflusste.
Over the past few decades, Single-Particle Analysis (SPA), in combination with cryo-transmission electron microscopy, has evolved into one of the leading technologies for structural analysis of biological macromolecules. It allows the investigation of biological structures in a close to native state at the molecular level. Within the last five years the achievable resolution of SPA surpassed 2°A and is now approaching atomic resolution, which so far has only been possible with Xray crystallography in a far from native environment. One remaining problem of Cryo-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM) is the weak image contrast. Since the introduction of cryo-EM in the 1980s phase plates have been investigated as a potential tool to overcome these contrast limitations. Until now, technical problems and instrumental deficiencies have made the use of phase plates difficult; an automated workflow, crucial for the acquisition of 1000s of micrographs needed for SPA, was not possible. In this thesis, a new Zernike-type Phase Plate (PP) was developed and investigated. Freestanding metal films were used as a PP material to overcome the ageing and contamination problems of standard carbon-based PPs. Several experiments, evaluating and testing various metals, ended with iridium as the best-suited material. A thorough investigation of the properties of iridium PP followed in the second part of this thesis. One key outcome is a new operation mode, the rocking PP. By using this rocking-mode, fringing artifacts, another obstacle of Zernike PPs, could be solved. In the last part of this work, acquisition and reconstruction of SPA data of apoferritin was performed using the iridium PP in rocking-mode. A special semi-automated workflow for the acquisition of PP data was developed and tested. The recorded PP data was compared to an additional reference dataset without a PP, acquired following a conventional workflow.
The stands surveyed are among the last closed canopy forests in Rwanda. Their exploration began in the early twentieth century and is still ongoing. Previous studies were mainly concerned with plant sociological issues and presented references to environmental factors in anecdotal form, at best using indirect ordination methods. The present study undertakes a classification of the vegetation with numerical methods and establishes quantitative relationships of the species’ distributional structure to environmental parameters using spatially explicit procedures. For this purpose, 94 samples were taken in 100 m² hexagonal plots. Of these, 70 samples are from Nyungwe, 14 are from Gishwati, and 10 are from Cyamudongo. Given the homogeneity of the terrain and vegetation, all vegetation types encountered, all types of stands, and all vegetation strata were included. The beta diversity is expressed by an average Bray-Curtis dissimilarity of 0.92, and in JOST’S (2007) numbers equivalents, 37.90 equally likely samples would be needed to represent the diversity encountered. Within the survey, 1198 species in 127 families were collected. Among the specimens are 6 local endemics and 40 Albertine Rift endemics. Resulting from UPGMA and FCM-NC, 20 to 40 plant communities were established depending on the level of resolution. It can be inferred by means of a Mantel correlogram that the mean zone of influence of a single vegetation stand, as sampled by a 100 m² plot in Nyungwe Forest, ranges between 0.016 and 3.42 km. Of the communities compiled using FCM-NC and UPGMA, 50% consist of individual samples. Beyond undersampling, natural small-scale discontinuities are reflected by this result. Partial db-RDA resulted in an explained variation of 9.60% and 14.41% for environmental and soil factors, respectively. Utilising variation partitioning analyses based on CCA and tb-RDA, between 21.70% and 37.80% of the variation in vegetation data could be explained. The spatially structured fraction of these parameters accounts for between 30.50% and 49.80% of the explained variation (100%). The purely environmental parameters account for a share of 10.30% to 16.30%, whereby the lower limit originates from the unimodal approach and has lost its statistical significance. The soil variables, also after partial analysis, account for a share of 19.00% to 35.70%. While the residual impact of the climatic parameters is hardly significant, the effect of the soil properties is prevalent. In general, the spatially structured fraction of the parameters is predominant here. While on the broad-scale climatic factors, the altitude a.s.l. and the geology are determining factors, some soil parameters and matrix components also show their impacts here. In the mid-range of the scale, it is the forest matrix, the soil types, and the geology that determine species distribution. While in the fine range of the scale, some unrecorded parameters seem to have an effect, there are also neutral processes that determine species composition.