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- Institut für Integrierte Naturwissenschaften, Abt. Biologie (23) (entfernen)
The diversity within amphibian communities in cultivated areas in Rwanda and within two selected, taxonomically challenging groups, the genera Ptychadena and Hyperolius, were investigated in this thesis. The amphibian community of an agricultural wetland near Butare in southern Rwanda comprised 15 anuran species. Rarefaction and jackknife analyses corroborated that the complete current species richness of the assemblage had been recorded, and the results of acoustic niche analysis suggested species saturation of the community. Surveys at many other Rwandan localities showed that the species recorded in Butare are widespread in cultivated and pristine wetlands. The species were readily distinguishable using morphological, bioacoustic, and molecular (DNA barcoding) features, but only eight of the 15 species could be assigned unambiguously to nominal species. The remaining represented undescribed or currently unrecognized taxa, including three species of Hyperolius, two Phrynobatrachus species, one Ptychadena species, and one species of Amietia. The diversity of the Ridged Frogs in Rwanda was investigated in two studies (Chapters III and IV). Three species of Ptychadena were recorded in wetlands in the catchment of the Nile. They can be distinguished by morphological characters (morphometrics and qualitative features) as well as by their advertisement calls and genetics. The Rwandan species of the P. mascareniensis group was shown to differ from the topotypic population as well as from other genetic lineages in sub-Saharan Africa and an old available name, P. nilotica, was resurrected from synonymy for this lineage. Two further Ptychadena species were identified among voucher specimens from Rwanda deposited in the collection of the RMCA, P. chrysogaster and P. uzungwensis. Morphologically they can be unambiguously distinguished from each other and the three other Rwandan species. A key based on qualitative morphological characters was developed, which allows unequivocal identification of specimens of all species that have been recorded from Rwanda. DNA was isolated from a Rwandan voucher specimen of P. chrysogaster, and the genetic analysis corroborated the species" distinct status.
A species of Hyperolius collected in the Nyungwe National Park was compared to all other Rwandan species of the genus and to morphologically or genetically similar species from neighbouring countries. Its distinct taxonomic status was justified by morphological, bioacoustic, and molecular evidence and it was described as a new species, H. jackie. A species of the H. nasutus group collected at agricultural sites in Rwanda was described as a new species in the course of a revision of the species of the Hyperolius nasutus group. The group was shown to consist of 15 distinct species which can be distinguished from each other genetically, bioacoustically, and morphologically.
The aerial performance, i.e. parachuting, of the Disc-fingered Reed Frog, Hyperolius discodactylus, was described. It represents a novel observation of a behaviour that has been known from a number of Southeast Asian and Neotropical frog species. Parachuting frogs, including H. discodactylus, exhibit certain morphological characteristics and, while airborne, assume a distinct posture which is best-suited for maneuvering in the air. Another study on the species addressed the validity of the taxon H. alticola which had been considered either a synonym of H. discodactylus or a distinct species. Type material of both taxa was re-examined and the status of H. alticola reassessed using morphological data from historic and new collections, call recordings, and molecular data from animals collected on recent expeditions. A northern and a southern genetic clade were identified, a divide that is weakly supported by diverging morphology of the vouchers from the respective localities. No distinction in advertisement call features could be recovered to support this split and both genetic and morphological differences between the two geographic clades are marginal and not always congruent and more likely reflect population-level variation. Therefore it was concluded that H. alticola is not a valid taxon and should be treated as a synonym of H. discodactylus.
Die Verwendung physiologischer Indikatoren, welche die Reaktion von Organismen auf Veränderungen ihrer Umwelt widerspiegeln, bietet ein großes Potenzial für ökologische Studien. Durch die Analyse des physiologischen Zustandes von Organismen ermöglichen diese Indikatoren eine schnellere Erfassung von Veränderungen in aquatischen Ökosystemen als es durch die Betrachtung ökologischer Indikatoren, wie z. B. der Struktur der Benthosgemeinschaft oder des Reproduktionserfolges einzelner Arten, möglich ist. Dieser Zeitvorteil kann sowohl die Effektivität der Habitatbewertung als auch experimenteller Studien in der aquatischen Ökologie erhöhen. In diesem Zusammenhang konzentriert sich die vorliegende Arbeit auf physiologische Messgrößen, wie die Konzentration von Energiespeicherstoffen, den zellulären Energiestatus (Adenylate Energy Charge) oder die Stoffwechselaktivität in vivo, die den energetischen Zustand oder den aktuellen Energieverbrauch von Organismen charakterisieren, sowie auf das RNA:DNA-Verhältnis als Wachstumsindikator. Obwohl diese Indikatoren in der marinen Ökologie, und in jüngerer Zeit auch in der Ökotoxikologie, regelmäßig verwendet werden, haben sie in der limnischen Ökologie bisher wenig Anwendung gefunden. Um die Anwendung physiologischer Indikatoren in diesem Bereich zu verstärken verfolgt die Dissertation zwei Ziele. Zum einen verdeutlicht sie das Potenzial der einzelnen physiologischen Indikatoren, zum anderen stellt sie Grundlagenwissen zu ausgewählten ökophysiologischen Aspekten einheimischer und gebietsfremder Arten der Ordnung Amphipoda bereit, die als Schlüsselarten aquatischer Lebensräume als besonders geeignet für die Bestimmung physiologischer Indikatoren angesehen werden. In diesem Sinne werden in Kapitel 2 sowohl die grundlegenden Annahmen, als auch die theoretischen und methodischen Grundlagen für die Bestimmung physiologischer Indikatoren aufgezeigt und ihre Anwendbarkeit in Fallstudien verdeutlicht. Die durchgeführten Experimentalstudien (Kapitel 3−5) liefern Informationen zu (i) den art- und geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschieden in der saisonalen Variation des energetischen Zustandes natürlicher Gammarus Populationen (G. fossarum, G. pulex), (ii) den Unterschieden in der Stoffwechsel- und Bewegungsaktivität verschiedener Amphipoda-Arten (G. fossarum, G. roeselii und D. villosus), sowie (iii) den direkten Auswirkungen von Ammoniak auf die Physiologie und die Bewegungsaktivität von D. villosus. In Kapitel 6 werden abschließend die grundlegenden Schlussfolgerungen aus den durchgeführten Feld- und Laborstudien, sowie ihre Relevanz und Auswirkungen für die Anwendung physiologischer Indikatoren in der limnischen Ökologie diskutiert.
In the present study the flora and vegetation of Kakamega Forest, an East African rainforest in Western Kenya, was investigated. Kakamega Forest is highly degraded and fragmented and is an ideal model to study the anthropogenic influence on the forest inventory. The main focus was to analyse the influence of human impact on the vascular plant species composition. During five field phases in the years 2001 to 2004 a total of 19 study sites scattered over the whole forest including all fragments were investigated regarding forest structure, species composition and plant communities. The different forest sites were analysed by three different methods, phytosociological relevés, line-transect and with the variable-area transect method. The forest survey revealed about 400 taxa of vascular plant species, among them 112 trees, 62 shrubs, 58 climbers and 114 herbs. Several species are restricted to this forest in Kenya, but only one endemic species, the herb Commelina albiflora, could be discovered. About 15 species were recorded as new for Kenya and probably at least one species is new to science. Kakamega Forest is a unique mixture of Guineo-Congolian and Afromontane floral elements. About one half of the vascular plant species has its origin in the lowland forests of the Congo basin and one third originates from Afromontane habitats. The present study represents the first description of plant communities of Kakamega Forest. An analysis of different forest sites and plantations resulted in 17 different vegetation units. For the mature forest sites eleven plant communities were described. The young succession stage consists of two plant communities. Since the disturbance history and the age of the different plant communities could be estimated, their chronology was also described. An exception are the study sites within the plantations and afforested sites. The four defined vegetation units were not described as plant communities, because they are highly affected by man and do not belong to the natural succession of Kakamega Forest. Nevertheless, the regeneration potential of such forests was investigated. Due to the different succession stages the changing species composition along a disturbance gradient could be analysed. Most of Kakamega Forest consists of middle-aged secondary forest often surrounded by very young secondary forest. A true primary rainforest could not be found due the massive influence by over-exploitation. In all parts of the forest the anthropogenic influence could be observed. The forest develops towards a climax stage, but a 2 Abstract comparison with former surveys shows that the regeneration is much slower than expected. Human impact has to be avoided to allow the forest to develop into a primary-like rainforest. But several climax tree species might be missing anyway, because after the broad logging activities in the past there are not enough seed trees remaining. Species richness was highest in disturbed forest sites. A mixture of pioneer, climax and bushland species could be recorded there. Therefore, a high species richness is not a suitable indicator for forest quality. The proportion of climax species typical for Kakamega Forest would be a better measure. Compared to the main forest block the forest fragments do not lack in diversity as expected due to fragmentation processes. Instead, the only near primary forest could be recorded in Kisere, a northern fragment. The high amount of climax species and the more or less undisturbed forest structure is a result of the strict protection by the Kenya Wildlife Service and due to low logging activities. Differences in species composition between the studied forest sites are either a result of the different logging history or management regime rather than due to different edaphic or climatic conditions.