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This study had two main aims. The first one was to investigate the quality of lesson plans. Two important features of lesson plans were used as a basis to determine the quality of lesson plans. These are adaptability to preconditions and cognitive activation of students. The former refers to how the planning teacher considers the diversity of students pre-existing knowledge and skills. The latter refers to how the planning teacher sequences deep learning tasks and laboratory activities to promote the cognitive activation of students.
The second aim of the study was to explore teachers thinking about and explanation of externally generated feedback data on their students’ performance. The emphasis here was to understand how the teachers anticipate planning differentiated lessons to accommodate the variations in students learning outcomes revealed by the feedback data.
The study followed a qualitative approach with multiple sources of data. Concept maps, questionnaires, an online lesson planning tool, standardized tests, and semi-structured interviews were the main data collection instruments used in the study. Participants of this study were four physics teachers teaching different grade levels. For the purpose of generating feedback for the participant teachers, a test was administered to 215 students. Teachers were asked to plan five lessons for their ongoing practices. The analysis showed that the planned lessons were not adapted to the diversity in students pre-existing knowledge and skills. The analysis also indicated that the lessons planned had limitations with regard to cognitive activation of students. The analysis of the interview data also revealed that the participant teachers do not normally consider differentiating lessons to accommodate the differences in students learning, and place less emphasis on the cognitive activation of students. The analysis of the planned lessons showed a variation in teachers approach in integrating laboratory activities in the sequence of the lessons ranging from a complete absence through a demonstrative to an investigative approach. Moreover, the findings from the interviews indicated differences between the participant teachers espoused theory (i.e. what they said during interview) and their theory- in –use (i.e. what is evident from the planned lessons). The analysis of the interview data demonstrated that teachers did not interpret the data, identify learning needs, draw meaningful information from the data for adapting (or differentiating) instruction. They attributed their students’ poor performance to task difficulty, students’ ability, students’ motivation and interest. The teachers attempted to use the item level and subscale data only to compare the relative position of their class with the reference group. However, they did not read beyond the data, like identifying students learning needs and planning for differentiated instruction based on individual student’s performance.
Agriculture covers one third of the world land area and has become a major source of water pollution due to its heavy reliance on chemical inputs, namely fertilisers and pesticides. Several thousands of tonnes of these chemicals are applied worldwide annually and partly reach freshwaters. Despite their widespread use and relatively unspecific modes of action, fungicides are the least studied group of pesticides. It remains unclear whether the taxonomic groups used in pesticide risk assessment are protective for non-target freshwater fungi. Fungi and bacteria are the main microbial decomposers converting allochthonous organic matter (litter) into a more nutritious food resource for leaf-shredding macroinvertebrates. This process of litter decomposition (LD) is central for aquatic ecosystem because it fuels local and downstream food webs with energy and nutrients. Effects of fungicides on decomposer communities and LD have been mainly analysed under laboratory conditions with limited representation of the multiple factors that may moderate effects in the field.
In this thesis a field study was conducted in a German vineyard area to characterise recurrent episodic exposure to fungicides in agricultural streams (chapter 2) and its effects on decomposer communities and LD (chapter 3). Additionally, potential interaction effects of nutrient enrichment and fungicides on decomposer communities and LD were analysed in a mesocosm experiment (chapter 4).
In the field study event-driven water sampling (EDS) and passive sampling with EmporeTM styrene-divinylbenzene reverse phase sulfonated disks (SDB disks) were used to assess exposure to 15 fungicides and 4 insecticides. A total of 17 streams were monitored during 4 rainfall events within the local application period of fungicides in 2012. EDS exceeded the time-weighted average concentrations provided by the SDB disks by a factor of 3, though high variability among compounds was observed. Most compounds were detected in more than half of the sites and mean and maximum peak (EDS) concentrations were under 1 and 3 µg/l, respectively. Besides, SDB disk-sampling rates and a free-software solution to derive sampling rates under time-variable exposure were provided.
Several biotic endpoints related to decomposers and LD were measured in the same sampling sites as the fungicide monitoring, coinciding with the major litter input period. Our results suggest that polar organic fungicides in streams change the structure of the fungal community. Causality of this finding was supported by a subsequent microcosm experiment. Whether other effects observed in the field study, such as reduced fungal biomass, increased bacterial density or reduced microbial LD can be attributed to fungicides remains speculative and requires further investigation. By contrast, neither the invertebrate LD nor in-situ measured gammarid feeding rates correlated with water-borne fungicide toxicity, but both were negatively associated with sediment copper concentrations. The mesocosm experiment showed that fungicides and nutrients affect microbial decomposers differently and that they can alter community structure, though longer experiments are needed to determine whether these changes may propagate to invertebrate communities and LD. Overall, further studies should include representative field surveys in terms of fungicide pollution and physical, chemical and biological conditions. This should be combined with experiments under controlled conditions to test for the causality of field observations.
Aktuelle Schätzungen bestätigten, dass Binnengewässer eine erhebliche Menge Methan (CH4) und Kohlendioxid (CO2) sowohl auf regionaler Ebene, als auch global freisetzen. Jedoch basieren diese Schätzungen auf extrapolierten gemessenen Daten, ungenügender Auflösung der räumlich-zeitlichen Variabilität und es mangelt an Daten aus ariden und semi-ariden Gebieten, sowie den Kohlestoffquellen aus Kläranlagen.
Für die hier vorliegende Studie analysierten wir monatliche hydrologische und meteorologische Daten sowie Daten zur Wasserqualität von drei Stauseen aus dem Gebiet des unteren Jordans, die zur Trinkwassergewinnung und zur Bewässerung genutzt werden, und schätzten damit deren Emissionsrate an CO2 ab. Wir untersuchten den Effekt von Kläranlagen auf die umliegenden Gewässer im Hinblick auf CH4 und CO2-Emissionen indem wir saisonal aufgelöste Daten der Konzentration der beiden gelösten Gase in Kläranlagenauslässen und in Vorflutern von neun Kläranlagen in Deutschland analysierten. Mithilfe von Low-Cost-Methoden die die CO2-Transportrate und die Ausgasungsrate über Gasblasen messen, untersuchten wir die räumliche und zeitliche Variabilität der CH4 und CO2-Emissionen von aquatischen Süßwasser-Ökosystemen.
Unsere Schätzungen zeigen, dass Stauseen in semi-ariden Regionen CO2 übersättigt sind und somit CO2 an die Atmosphäre abgeben, also eine Netto-Quelle sind.
Die Größenordnung der beobachteten Transportraten der drei jordanischen Stauseen ist vergleichbar mit denen von tropischen Stauseen (3,3 g CO2 m-2 Tag-1). Die CO2-Emissionsrate ist abhängig von Änderungen der Wasseroberfläche, welche durch den Betrieb der Stauseen verursacht sind. Kläranlagen entlassen eine beachtlichen Menge an CH4 (30.9±40.7 kg Jahr-1) und CO2 (0.06±0.05 Gg Jahr-1) in ihre umgebenden Flüsse und Bäche. Deren Emissionsraten sind durch diese Einleitung der Kläranlagen um 1,2-fach für CH4 oder 8,6-fach für CO2 erhöht. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sowohl die diffusive als auch die Gasblasenemissionsrate räumlich und zeitlich variabel ist, weshalb beide Emissionsraten bei zukünftigen Studien auch in der nötigen Auflösung gemessen werden sollten.
Wir schlussfolgern, dass bei zukünftigen Emissionsmessungen und –schätzungen von Binnengewässern auch die Gewässerbewirtschaftung, die Kohlenstoffquelle von Kläranlagen und die räumliche und zeitliche Variabilität der Emissionen beachtet werden sollten.
Five personality traits commonly known as the “Big Five” have been widely acknowledged as universal. But most available psychological instruments are not necessarily transferable to other cultures. They are referred to as “W.E.I.R.D.” (western, educated, industrial, rich, democratic) and lack the combined emic-etic approach that is necessary for a transcultural perspective. This intercontinental congress brings experts from Kenya and Germany together – thinking out of the box and collecting ideas for a scientific based partnership of East Africa and Europe. Main topics are psychological constructs that prove relevant for Human Resources Management. The Five-Factor Model, core self-evaluations, coping processes and acculturation as well as globalization effects and gender issues are discussed.