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Die Arbeit entwickelt eine eigenständige medienphilosophische Lesart der Philosophie Jaques Derridas, die zu einer sprachtheoretischen Grundlegung von Sprache als Medium herangezogen wird. Im Rahmen dieser Konzeption wird der Grundbegriff der Vermittlung eingeführt von dem ausgehend deutlich wird, inwiefern jedes Vermittlungsgeschehen in einer ästhetischen Erfahrung gründet.
Software is vital for modern society. The efficient development of correct and reliable software is of ever-growing importance. An important technique to achieve this goal is deductive program verification: the construction of logical proofs that programs are correct. In this thesis, we address three important challenges for deductive verification on its way to a wider deployment in the industry: 1. verification of thread-based concurrent programs 2. correctness management of verification systems 3. change management in the verification process. These are consistently brought up by practitioners when applying otherwise mature verification systems. The three challenges correspond to the three parts of this thesis (not counting the introductory first part, providing technical background on the KeY verification approach). In the first part, we define a novel program logic for specifying correctness properties of object-oriented programs with unbounded thread-based concurrency. We also present a calculus for the above logic, which allows verifying actual Java programs. The calculus is based on symbolic execution resulting in its good understandability for the user. We describe the implementation of the calculus in the KeY verification system and present a case study. In the second part, we provide a first systematic survey and appraisal of factors involved in reliability of formal reasoning. We elucidate the potential and limitations of self-application of formal methods in this area and give recommendations based on our experience in design and operation of verification systems. In the third part, we show how the technique of similarity-based proof reuse can be applied to the problems of industrial verification life cycle. We address issues (e.g., coping with changes in the proof system) that are important in verification practice, but have been neglected by research so far.
Schwere chronische Erkrankungen beeinträchtigen nicht nur das Leben des Patienten; sie haben auch Auswirkungen auf dessen gesamtes soziales Umfeld: Besonders psychische Erkrankungen wie Schizophrenie, die mit Störungen des Denkens, des Bewusstseins und des (Selbst-)Erlebens einhergehen, führen oft zum Abbruch der meisten sozialen Kontakte, so dass als Bezugspersonen für den Patienten in der Regel nur die engsten Familienangehörigen bleiben. Durch die Erkrankung verändert sich dabei der gewohnte, vertrauensvolle Umgang zwischen Patient und Familie sowie zwischen den einzelnen Familienangehörigen untereinander. Die Umstände der stationären Behandlung in akuten Krankheitsphasen sowie die Folgen und/oder (Neben)Wirkungen der Nachbehandlung in stabilen Phasen haben oft weit reichende Konsequenzen für den Alltag der mit dem Patienten lebenden Angehörigen. Neben der professionellen, institutionell verankerten psychiatrischen Versorgung ist die Betreuung durch die Angehörigen in ihrer Rolle als Laienhelfer die tragende Säule der ambulanten Patientenversorgung. Daher wird seit einigen Jahren in der psychiatrischen Forschung gefordert, die Angehörigen als Kotherapeuten in Therapie und Nachsorge einzubeziehen. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht die qualitativ ausgerichtete Arbeit, wie behandelnde Psychiater und Angehörige von schizophren Erkrankten in Nachsorgeterminen, sog. Katamnesegesprächen, miteinander reden. Das Hauptaugenmerk der empirischen Gesprächsanalysen liegt darauf, wie die Angehörigen versuchen, die Therapie "ihres" Patienten zu beeinflussen und wie sie ihre eigenen Befindlichkeiten in den Gesprächen mit dem Arzt thematisieren. In 24, an den Grundsätzen von Handlungssemantik und Sequenzanalyse orientierten, Detailanalysen einer Auswahl zentraler sprachlicher Handlungen zeigt sich, dass die Psychiater es keineswegs mit Angehörigen zu tun haben, deren Verhalten einzig von Schüchternheit oder unhinterfragter Akzeptanz professionell-medizinischer Therapie-Maßnahmen geprägt ist. Vielmehr sehen sie sich durchaus mitteilungsbedürftigen und kritischen Klienten gegenüber: Neben Widersprüchen und Vorschlägen vollziehen die Angehörigen besonders im Hinblick auf die Behandlung des Patienten vor allem Handlungen, die dem Muster Kritisieren zuzuordnen sind. In Bezug auf ihre eigenen Bedürfnisse stellt sich das Handlungsmuster Belastungen äussern als zentral heraus. Die Handlungen mit Bezug auf die Therapie des Patienten gehen dabei oft Hand in Hand mit denjenigen, die sich auf die eigenen Belastungen der Angehörigen beziehen: Zum einen machen sich die Angehörigen Gedanken um den Patienten und dessen Zustand; zum anderen zeigt sich in ihren Äußerungen, dass sie in ihren Gedanken und Gefühlen selbst zutiefst von der Krankheit ihres geliebten Kindes, (Ehe-)Partners, Bruders, der Schwester oder Schwägerin mit betroffen und verunsichert sind. Die Analysen widmen sich daher auch der Frage, ob und wie die Anmerkungen der Angehörigen vom jeweiligen Arzt konstruktiv umgesetzt werden bzw. werden können. Die Arbeit plädiert für eine doppelt ausgerichtete Unterstützung der Angehörigen: zum einen im Hinblick auf ihre Funktion als Kotherapeuten sowie zum anderen im Hinblick auf ihre Bedürfnisse als von der Erkrankung (Mit)Betroffene und (Mit-)Leidende.
Over the last three decades researchers of Cognitive Metaphor Theory have shown conclusively that metaphor is motivated rather than arbitrary and often used to systematically map out conceptual territory. This cognitive semantic proposal holds the potential for alternative L2 teaching strategies. As an abstract domain, business discourse is naturally rich in metaphors and is additionally filled with consciously used metaphorical language to strategically manipulate clients and business partners. Business English courses especially stand to profit from metaphor-oriented language teaching, as (future) managers aim to quickly improve their language performance to be prepared for international business communication. In using metaphors, speakers as well as hearers conceptualize and thus experience one thing in terms of another. Having been made aware of the conceptual linkage, students are immediately equipped with a whole set of vocabulary they may already have learned for a concrete domain and are then able to elaborate in the more abstract area of business discourse. Enhanced metaphor awareness may thus prove to be a valuable vehicle for vocabulary acquisition as well as for vocabulary retention. This thesis is subdivided into ten chapters. With each successive chapter, the focus will increasingly sharpen on the main hypothesis that metaphor awareness raising and explicit teaching in the business English classroom assists the students to dip into their savings' and transfer already acquired vocabulary to abstract business discourse and thus to become more proficient business communicators. After an introduction to the main objectives, chapter two critically looks at the different strands of Cognitive Linguistic contributions to metaphor theory made within the last three decades and discusses the structure, function and processing of figurative language to single out relevant aspects of the language classroom applications. Chapter three narrows the perspective to the socio-economic discourse as the very target domain in focus and surveys the conceptual metaphors that have been identified for this target domain, namely the source domains most productive for the target and therefore most valuable for the language classroom. In chapter four Cognitive Linguistic findings are put in contact with language didactics; i.e., the Cognitive Linguistic basis is discussed in the context of language teaching and learning theories and a first classification of metaphor teaching in the theoretical framework of language didactics is proposed. Ten cornerstones summarize the theoretical output of the previous chapters and the respective didactic consequences are considered. Theories of cognitive psychology pertaining to noticing, processing, and storing metaphors are systematically revisited and expanded to formulate further didactic implications for metaphor teaching. The consequences drawn from both linguistic as well as didactic theory are translated into a list of ten short guidelines identifying essentials for the explicit integration of metaphors into the language classroom. In chapter five those experimental studies that have already been conducted in the field of Cognitive Linguistic-inspired figurative language teaching are systematically summarized and possible contributions to set up a didactic framework for metaphor teaching are investigated. Chapters six to nine then present a piece of original research. Starting out from five research questions tackling receptive and productive vocabulary acquisition and retention as well as the influence of and on the learner- level of language proficiency, a three-fold study was designed and conducted in a regular business English classroom and results are discussed in detail. The last chapter deals again with specific implications for teaching. Earlier statements about and claims for the language classroom are revisited and refined on the basis of the theoretical linguistic, didactic and empirical findings, and an agenda for further empirical investigations is sketched out.
Religion, Kultur und Sprache sind nicht ohne Einfluss auf die Krankheitswahrnehmung und das Gesundheitsverhalten von Patienten mit migratorischen Hintergrund. Ebenso können sie auch besondere Herausforderungen für das Gesundheitssystem des Gastlandes darstellen. Dies trifft im besonderen Maße für die psychotherapeutische Versorgung von Migranten erster und folgender Generationen zu. Im Fokus der vorliegenden Arbeit stehen muslimische Patienten in der Psychotherapie. Auf Grundlage einer empirischen Untersuchung werden Konfliktfelder und Tabuthemen sowie andere neuralgische Punkte der Interaktion zwischen Psychotherapeut und muslimischem Patient beleuchtet, um die Notwendigkeit einer Kultursensibilität in der psychosozialen Versorgung von Migranten aufzudecken und Anregungen zur Verbesserung der interkulturellen Begegnung in der psychotherapeutischen Praxis zur Diskussion zu stellen.
This Thesis contributes by reporting on the current state of diffusion of collaboration information technology (CIT). The investigation concludes, with a high degree of certainty, that today we have a "satisfactory" diffusion level of some level-A CITs (mostly e-Mail, distantly followed by Audio Conferencing), and a "dissatisfactory" diffusion level of higher-level CITs (i.e. those requiring significant collaboration and cooperation among users, like Meeting Support Systems, Group Decision Support Systems, etc.). The potential benefits of the latter seem to be far from fully realised due to lack of user acceptance. This conclusion has gradually developed along the research cycle " it was suggested by Empirical Study I, and tested through Empirical Studies II and III. An additional, unplanned and rather interesting, finding from this study has been the recognition of large [mostly business] reporting on numerous Web 2.0 user-community produced collaboration technologies (most of them belonging to the category of "social software") and their metamorphosis from autonomous, "bottom-up" solutions into enterprise-supported infrastructures. Another contribution of this Thesis " again suggested by Empirical Study I, and tested through Empirical Studies II and III " pertains to the "process structure" of CIT diffusion. I have found that collaboration technology has historically diffused following two distinct (interdependent but orthogonal) diffusion paths " top-down (authority-based) and bottom-up. The authority-based diffusion path seems to be characterised by efforts aimed at "imposing" technologies on employees, the primary concern being to make sure that technology seamlessly and easily integrates into the organisational IT infrastructure. On the other hand, the bottom-up diffusion trail seems to be successful. The contribution of this investigation may be summarised as threefold: 1. This investigation consolidates most of the findings to date, pertaining to CIT adoption and diffusion, which have been produced by the CIT research community. Thus, it tells a coherent story of the dynamics of the community focus and the collective wisdom gathered over a period of (at least) one decade. 2. This work offers a meaningful framework within which to analyse existing knowledge " and indeed extends that knowledge base by identifying persistent problems of collaboration technology acceptance, adoption and diffusion. These problems have been repeatedly observed in practice, though the pattern does not seem to have been recognised and internalised by the community. Many of these problems have been observed in cases of CIT use one decade ago, five years ago, three years ago, and continue to be observed today in structurally the same form despite what is unarguably "rapid technological development". This gives me reason to believe that, at least some of the persistent problems of CIT diffusion can be hypothesised as "determining factors". My contribution here is to identify these factors, discuss them in detail, and thus tackle the theme of CIT diffusion through a structured historical narrative. 3. Through my contribution (2) above, I characterise a "knowledge-action gap" in the field of CIT and illuminate a potential path through which the research community might hope to bridge this gap. The gap may be operationalised as cognitive distance between CIT "knowledge" and CIT "action".
Abstract The present work investigates the wetting characteristics of soils with regard to their dependence on environmental parameters such as water content (WC), pH, drying temperature and wetting temperature of wettable and repellent soils from two contrasting anthropogenic sites, the former sewage disposal field Berlin-Buch and the inner-city park Berlin-Tiergarten. The aim of this thesis is to deepen the understanding of processes and mechanisms leading to changes in soil water repellency. This helps to gain further insight into the behaviour of soil organic matter (SOM) and identifying ways to prevent or reduce the negative effects of soil water repellency (SWR). The first focus of this work is to determine whether chemical reactions are required for wetting repellent samples. This hypothesis was tested by time and temperature dependence of sessile drop spreading on wettable and repellent samples. Additionally, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy was used to determine whether various drying regimes cause changes in the relative abundance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional groups in the outer layer of soil particles and whether these changes can be correlated with water content and the degree of SWR. Finally, by artificially altering the pH in dried samples applying acidic and alkaline reagents in a gaseous state, the influence of only pH on the degree of SWR was investigated separately from the influence of changes in moisture status. The investigation of the two locations Buch and Tiergarten, each exceptionally different in the nature of their respective wetting properties, leads to new insights in the variety of appearance of SWR. The results of temperature, water content and pH dependency of SWR on the two contrasting sites resulted in one respective hypothetical model of nature of repellency for each site which provides an explanation for most of the observations made in this and earlier studies: At the Tiergarten site, wetting characteristics are most likely determined by micelle-like arrangement of amphiphiles which depends on the concentration of water soluble amphiphilic substances, pH and ionic strength in soil solution. At low pH and at high ionic strength, repulsion forces between hydrophilic charged groups are minimized allowing their aggregation with outward orientated hydrophobic molecule moieties. At high pH and low ionic strength, higher repulsion forces between hydrophilic functional groups lead to an aggregation of hydrophobic groups during drying, which results in a layer with outward oriented hydrophilic moieties on soil organic matter surface leading to enhanced wettability. For samples from the Buch site, chemical reactions are necessary for the wetting process. The strong dependence of SWR on water content indicates that hydrolysis-condensation reactions are the controlling mechanisms. Since acid catalyzed hydrolysis is an equilibrium reaction dependent on water content, an excess of water favours hydrolysis leading to an increasing number of hydrophilic functional groups. In contrast, water deficiency favours condensation reactions leading to a reduction of hydrophilic functional groups and thus a reduction of wettability. The results of the present investigation and its comparison with earlier investigations clearly show that SWR is subject to numerous antagonistically and synergistically interacting environmental factors. The degree of influence, which a single factor exerts on SWR, is site-specific, e.g., it is dependent on special characteristics of mineral constituents and SOM which underlies the influence of climate, soil texture, topography, vegetation and the former and current use of the respective site.
In this work has been examined, how the existing model of the simulation of cables and hoses can be advanced. Therefore an investigation has been made on the main influences to the shape simulation and the factors of constraints and side conditions were analyzed. For the validation of the accuracy, the simulation has to be compared to real specimen behavior. To obtain a very precise digitalization of the shape, the choice was made to use a laser scanner that converts the pointcloud into a .vrml file which can be imported into the simulation environment. The assumption was that the simulation method itself has the highest impact to the simulated shape. This is why the capabilities of the most sophisticated methods have been analyzed. The main criterion for the success of a simulation approach proved not to be accuracy, as expected. Process integration and usability showed to be of higher interest for the efficient exertion. Other factors like the pricing, the functionality and the real-time capability were assayed as well. The analyzed methods are based on the solution of the equations of elasticity with different ways of discetization, finite-elements and a spring-impulse-system. Since the finite-element-system takes several minutes for the computation of the shape and the spring-impulse-system reacts retarded on user manipulation, the competitiveness of these approaches is low. The other methods distinguish more in real-time performance, data interfaces and functionality than in accuracy. For the accuracy of a system, the consideration of other factors proved to be very important. As one of these main factors, the accurate assignment of the material properties was indicated. Until the start of this work, only the finite-element-approach dealt with this factor, but no documentation or validation is provided. In the publications of the other methods, the material properties are estimated to obtain a plausible simulation shape. Therefore the specific material values of real specimen have been measured and assigned to the simulation. With the comparison to the real shape it has been proven that the accuracy is very high with the measured properties. Since these measurements are very costly and time consuming, an investigation on a faster and cheaper way to obtain these values has been made. It has been assumed that with the knowledge of the cross-section it should be possible to compute the specimen behavior. Since the braid distribution changes individually from specimen to specimen, a more general way to obtain the values needed to be found. The program composer has been developed, where only the number of the different braids and the taping is entered. It computes with very high precision the stiffness, the density and the final diameter of the bundle. With the measured values and the fitting to the real shape it has been proven that the simulation approach reflects the precise behavior of cables and hoses. Since the stiffness of the single braids is wasteful to measure, a measurement setup was created where the stiffness has a large impact to the shape. With known density, the stiffness of the specimen can be reconstructed precisely. Thus a fast and beneficial way of obtaining the stiffness of a cable has been invented. The poissons ratio of cables and bundles cannot be measured with a tensile test, since the inner structure is very complex. For hoses, the variation of the inner diameter has been measured during the tensile test as well. The resulting values were reasonable, but their accuracy could not be proven. For cables and hoses, it has been tried to obtain the poissons ratio via the computation of the cross section, but the influence of individual changes and the crosstalk of the braids is very high. Therefore a setup was constructed where the torsion stiffness can be measured. For cables and hoses, the individual cross-sections and taping lead to varying results. For hoses, expected and repeatable good values for the poissons ratio were obtained. The low influence of the poisons ratio in the range between 0 and 0.5 has been proven. Therefore we decided to follow the advice of [Old06] and our own experiences to set the poisons ratio for cables and bundles to 0.25. With the knowledge of the measurability and the capabilities of the developed program composer, a procedure to obtain material properties for bundles has been designed. 1. Measurement of the braid density with via pyknometer or mass, length and diameter. 2. Empirical reconstruction of the stiffness with the designed setup. 3. Composing the bundle with the program composer. 4. Adding a factor for the taping and transfer the values to the simulation. The model of the cable simulation has been improved as follows: The main influences in the simulation of cables and hoses are the simulation method, the material properties and the geometric constraints. To obtain higher accuracy, an investigation on the correct material properties is indispensable. The scientific determination of material properties for the simulation of cables, bundles and hoses has been performed for the first time. The influence of geometrical constraints has been analyzed and documented. The next steps are the analysis of pre-deformation and further investigations to the determination of the poisons ratio with a more precise torsion test. All analysis were made with the simulation approach fleXengine. A comparison to other simulation methods would be of high interest.
Many pharmaceuticals (e.g. antibiotics, contrast media, beta blockers) are excreted unmetabolized and enter wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) through the domestic sewage system. Research has shown that many of them are not effectively removed by conventional wastewater treatment and therefore are detected in surface waters. Reverse osmosis (RO) is one of the most effective means for removing a wide range of micropollutants in water recycling. However, one significant disadvantage is the need to dispose the resultant RO concentrate. Due to the fact that there are elevated concentrations of micropollutants in the concentrate, a direct disposal to surface water could be hazardous to aquatic organisms. As a consequence, further treatment of the concentrate is necessary. In this study, ozonation was investigated as a possible treatment option for RO concentrates. Concentrate samples were obtained from a RO-membrane system which uses municipal WWTP effluents as feeding water to produce infiltration water for artificial groundwater recharge. In this study it could be shown that ozonation is efficient in the attenuation of selected pharmaceuticals, even in samples with high TOC levels (46 mg C/L). Tests with chlorinated and non-chlorinated WWTP effluent showed an increase of ozone stability, but a decrease of hydroxyl radical exposure in the samples after chlorination. This may shift the oxidation processes towards direct ozone reactions and favors the degradation of compounds with high apparent second order rate constants. Additionally it might inhibit an oxidation of compound predominantly reacting with OH radicals. Ozone reaction kinetics were investigated for beta blockers (acebutolol, atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol) which are permanently present in WWTP effluents. For beta blockers two moieties are common which are reactive towards ozone, a secondary amine group and an activated aromatic ring. The secondary amine is responsible for a pH dependence of the direct ozone reaction rate, since only the deprotonated amine reacts very quickly. At pH 7 acebutolol, atenolol and metoprolol reacted with ozone with an apparent second order rate constant of about 2000 M-1 s-1, whereas propranolol reacted at ~1.0 105 M-1 s-1. The rate constants for the reaction of the selected compounds with OH radicals were determined to be 0.5-1.0 x 1010 M-1 s-1. Oxidation products (OPs) formed during ozonation of metoprolol and propranolol were identified via liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry. Ozonation led to a high number of OPs being formed. Experiments were carried out in MilliQ-water at pH 3 and pH 8 as well as with and without the radical scavenger tertiary butanol (t-BuOH). This revealed the influence of pH and the OH radical exposure on OP formation. The OH radical exposure was determined by adding the probe compound para-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA). Metoprolol: To define the impacts of the protonated and non protonated metoprolol species on OH radical formation, the measured pCBA attenuation was compared to modeled values obtained by a simplified kinetic model (Acuchem). A better agreement with the measured results was obtained, when the model was based on a stoichiometric formation of OH radical precursors (O2-) during the primary ozone reaction of metoprolol. However, for reaction of a deprotonated molecule (attack of the aromatic ring) a formation of O2- could be confirmed, but an assumed stoichiometric O2- formation over-estimated the formation of OH radicals in the system. Analysis of ozonated raw wastewater and municipal WWTP effluent spiked with 10 μM metoprolol exhibited a similar OP formation pattern as detected in the reaction system at pH 8 without adding radical scavenger. This indicated a significant impact of OH radical exposure on the formation of OPs in real wastewater matrices. Propranolol: The primary ozonation product of propranolol (OP-291) was formed by an ozone attack of the naphthalene ring, which resulted in a ring opening and two aldehyde moieties being formed. OP-291 was further oxidized to OP-307, presumably by an OH radical attack, which was then further oxidized to OP-281. Reaction pathways via ozone as well as OH radicals were proposed and confirmed by the chemical structures identified with MS2 and MS3 data. It can be concluded that ozonation of WWTP effluent results in the formation of a high number of OPs with an elevated toxic potential (i.e. formation of aldehydes).
This thesis focuses on the utilization of modern graphics hardware (GPU) for visualization and computation purposes, especially of volumetric data from medical imaging. The considerable increase in raw computing power in recent years has turned commodity systems into high-performance workstations. In combination with the direct rendering capabilities of graphics hardware, "visual computing" and "computational steering" approaches on large data sets have become feasible. In this regard several example applications and concepts such as the "ray textures" have been developed and are discussed in detail. As the amount of data to be processed and visualized is steadily increasing, memory and bandwidth limitations require compact representations of the data. While the compression of image data has been investigated extensively in the past, the thesis addresses possibilities of performing computations directly on the compressed data. Therefore, different categories of algorithms are identified and represented in the wavelet domain. By using special variants of the compressed format, efficient implementations of essential image processing algorithms are possible and demonstrate the potential of the approach. From the technical perspective, the GPU-based framework "Cascada" has been developed in the course of this thesis. The introduction of object-oriented concepts to shader programming, as well as a hierarchical representation of computation and/or visualization procedures led to a simplified utilization of graphics hardware while maintaining competitive performance. This is shown with different implementations throughout the contributions, as well as two clinical projects in the field of diagnosis assistance. On the one hand the semi-automatic segmentation of low-resolution MRI data sets of the human liver is evaluated. On the other hand different possibilities in assessing abdominal aortic aneurysms are discussed; both projects make use of graphics hardware. In addition, "Cascada" provides extensions towards recent general-purpose programming architectures and a modular design for future developments.