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Agricultural pesticides, especially insecticides, are an integral part of modern farming. However, these may often leave their target ecosystems and cause adverse effects in non- target, especially freshwater ecosystems, leading to their deterioration. In this thesis, the focus will be on Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) that can in many ways cause disruption of the endocrine system of invertebrates. Freshwater invertebrates play important ecological, economic and medical roles, and disruption of their endocrine systems may be crucial, considering the important role hormones play in the developmental and reproductive processes in organisms. Although Endocrine Disruption Chemicals (EDCs) can affect moulting, behaviour, morphology, sexual maturity, time to first brood, egg development time, brood size (fecundity), and sex determination in invertebrates, there is currently no agreement upon how to characterize and assess endocrine disruption (ED). Current traditional ecotoxicity tests for Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) show limitations on generating data at the population level that may be relevant for the assessment of EDCs, which effects may be sublethal, latent and persist for several generations of species (transgenerational).
It is therefore the primary objective of this thesis to use a test method to investigate adverse effects of EDCs on endpoints concerning development and reproduction in freshwater invertebrates. The full life-cycle test over two generations that includes all sensitive life stages of C. riparius (a sexual reproductive organism) allows an assessment of its reproduction and should be suitable for the investigation of long-term toxicity of EDCs in freshwater invertebrates. C. riparius is appropriate for this purpose because of its short life cycle that enables the assessment of functional endpoints of the organism over several generations. Moreover, the chironomid life cycle consists of a complete metamorphosis controlled by a well-known endocrine mechanism and the endocrine system of insects has been most investigated in great detail among invertebrates. Hence, the full life-cycle test with C. riparius provides an approach to assess functional endpoints (e.g. reproduction, sex ratio) that are population-relevant as a useful amendment to the ERA of EDCs. In the laboratory, C. riparius was exposed to environmentally-relevant concentrations of the selected IGRs in either spiked water or spiked sediment scenario over two subsequent generations.
The results reported in this thesis revealed significant effects of the IGRs on the development and the reproduction of C. riparius with the second (F1) generation showing greater sensitivity. These findings indicated for the first time the suitability of multigenerational testing for various groups of EDCs and strongly suggested considering the full life-cycle of C. riparius as an appropriate test method for a better assessment of EDCs in the freshwater environment. In conclusion, this thesis helps to detect additional information that can be extrapolated at population level and, thus, might contribute to better protection of freshwater ecosystems against the risks of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs.) It may furthermore contribute to changes in the ERA process that are necessary for a real implementation of the new European chemical legislation, REACH (Registration, Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals). Finally, significant interactions between temperature, chemical exposure and generation were reported for the first time and, may help predict impacts that may occur in the future, in the field, under predicted climate change scenarios.
This paper originates from the FP6 project "Emergence in the Loop (EMIL)" which explores the emergence of norms in artificial societies. Part of work package 3 of this project is a simulator that allows for simulation experiments in different scenarios, one of which is collaborative writing. The agents in this still prototypical implementation are able to perform certain actions, such as writing short texts, submitting them to a central collection of texts (the "encyclopaedia") or adding their texts to texts formerly prepared by other agents. At the same time they are able to comment upon others' texts, for instance checking for correct spelling, for double entries in the encyclopaedia or for plagiarisms. Findings of this kind lead to reproaching the original authors of blamable texts. Under certain conditions blamable activities are no longer performed after some time.
Autonome Systeme, wie Roboter, sind bereits Teil unseres täglichen Lebens. Eine Sache, in der Menschen diesen Maschinen überlegen sind, ist die Fähigkeit, auf sein Gegenüber angemessen zu reagieren. Dies besteht nicht nur aus der Fähigkeit zu hören, was eine Person sagt, sondern auch daraus, ihre Mimik zu erkennen und zu interpretieren.
In dieser Bachelorarbeit wird ein System entwickelt, welches automatisch Gesichtsausdrücke erkennt und einer Emotion zuordnet. Das System arbeitet mit statischen Bildern und benutzt merkmalsbasierte Methoden zur Beschreibung von Gesichtsdaten. In dieser Arbeit werden gebräuchliche Schritte analysiert und aktuelle Methoden vorgestellt. Das beschriebene System basiert auf 2D-Merkmalen. Diese Merkmale werden im Gesicht detektiert. Ein neutraler Gesichtsausdruck wird nicht als Referenzbild benötigt. Das System extrahiert zwei Arten von Gesichtsparametern. Zum einen sind es Distanzen, die zwischen den Merkmalspunkten liegen. Zum anderen sind es Winkel, die zwischen den Linien liegen, die die Merkmalspunkte verbinden. Beide Arten von Parametern werden implementiert und getestet. Der Parametertyp, der die besten Ergebnisse liefert, wird schließlich in dem System benutzt. Eine Support Vector Machine (SVM) mit mehreren Klassen klassifiziert die Parameter. Das Ergebnis sind Kennzeichen von Action Units des Facial Action Coding Systems (FACS). Diese Kennzeichen werden einer Gesichtsemotion zugeordnet.
Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit den sechs Basisgesichtsausdrücken (glücklich, überrascht, traurig, ängstlich, wütend und angeekelt) plus dem neutralen Gesichtsausdruck. Das vorgestellte System wird in C++ implementiert und an das Robot Operating System (ROS) angebunden.