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This thesis deals with the verbal categories tense and aspect in the context of analysing the English perfect. The underlying notion of time is examined from the viewpoint of etymology and from the viewpoint of fields of knowledge that lie outside the immediate scope of temporal semantics, e.g. mathematics. The category tense is scrutinised by discussing the concept of Reichenbach tense and the concept of correlation (Giering). The starting point of the discussion of the category verbal aspect is the dichotomy perfective vs. imperfective in the Slavic languages. The main part about the perfect is concerned with the possessive perfect as a cross-linguistic phenomenon (including a comparison of the English and the Slavic perfect) and focuses on the usage and the meaning of the English present perfect. There are three appendices which are an integral part of this dissertation. Appendix A deals with the systematization of English verb forms and their graphical representation. Three different visualizations are presented, two of which are genuine to this paper. Appendix B reproduces the target setting according to which an animated visualization of English infinitives was programmed. Appendix C represents a synopsis of approaches to the English perfect in grammars and textbooks.
Over the last three decades researchers of Cognitive Metaphor Theory have shown conclusively that metaphor is motivated rather than arbitrary and often used to systematically map out conceptual territory. This cognitive semantic proposal holds the potential for alternative L2 teaching strategies. As an abstract domain, business discourse is naturally rich in metaphors and is additionally filled with consciously used metaphorical language to strategically manipulate clients and business partners. Business English courses especially stand to profit from metaphor-oriented language teaching, as (future) managers aim to quickly improve their language performance to be prepared for international business communication. In using metaphors, speakers as well as hearers conceptualize and thus experience one thing in terms of another. Having been made aware of the conceptual linkage, students are immediately equipped with a whole set of vocabulary they may already have learned for a concrete domain and are then able to elaborate in the more abstract area of business discourse. Enhanced metaphor awareness may thus prove to be a valuable vehicle for vocabulary acquisition as well as for vocabulary retention. This thesis is subdivided into ten chapters. With each successive chapter, the focus will increasingly sharpen on the main hypothesis that metaphor awareness raising and explicit teaching in the business English classroom assists the students to dip into their savings' and transfer already acquired vocabulary to abstract business discourse and thus to become more proficient business communicators. After an introduction to the main objectives, chapter two critically looks at the different strands of Cognitive Linguistic contributions to metaphor theory made within the last three decades and discusses the structure, function and processing of figurative language to single out relevant aspects of the language classroom applications. Chapter three narrows the perspective to the socio-economic discourse as the very target domain in focus and surveys the conceptual metaphors that have been identified for this target domain, namely the source domains most productive for the target and therefore most valuable for the language classroom. In chapter four Cognitive Linguistic findings are put in contact with language didactics; i.e., the Cognitive Linguistic basis is discussed in the context of language teaching and learning theories and a first classification of metaphor teaching in the theoretical framework of language didactics is proposed. Ten cornerstones summarize the theoretical output of the previous chapters and the respective didactic consequences are considered. Theories of cognitive psychology pertaining to noticing, processing, and storing metaphors are systematically revisited and expanded to formulate further didactic implications for metaphor teaching. The consequences drawn from both linguistic as well as didactic theory are translated into a list of ten short guidelines identifying essentials for the explicit integration of metaphors into the language classroom. In chapter five those experimental studies that have already been conducted in the field of Cognitive Linguistic-inspired figurative language teaching are systematically summarized and possible contributions to set up a didactic framework for metaphor teaching are investigated. Chapters six to nine then present a piece of original research. Starting out from five research questions tackling receptive and productive vocabulary acquisition and retention as well as the influence of and on the learner- level of language proficiency, a three-fold study was designed and conducted in a regular business English classroom and results are discussed in detail. The last chapter deals again with specific implications for teaching. Earlier statements about and claims for the language classroom are revisited and refined on the basis of the theoretical linguistic, didactic and empirical findings, and an agenda for further empirical investigations is sketched out.
In an attempt to put pronunciation training back in the limelight and to engage in a fruitful discussion on pronunciation- equal importance with other language skills, the current research project focuses on pronunciation. Specifically, one area that causes problems for L1-German speakers is concentrated on, namely the central approximant. German learners should not despair too much as even many native-English children stumble with /r/. For some, acquiring this sound takes a long time and even some professional help (see Secord 2007: 7-8). One problem that these children have is the substitution of /r/ with /w/. "Children with developmental speech substitution," write Raphael et al., "often produce the more easily articulated (…) /w/ for /r/" (2011: 119). Most native-English children require a long time to acquire this sound. According to Bleile, /r/ belongs to the last stage (i.e. stage 4) of a child- language development (see Bleile 2004: 106). This final stage can range from five years of age to adolescence. One of the greatest difficulties, for instance, occurs with postvocalic /r/ (or "[r] colored schwa") and consonant clusters with /r/ (see Bleile 2004: 106).
It is important at this juncture to direct attention to the organization of the current research project and how it addresses the /r/-problem. At the start of the current study, an appropriate and concise definition of the /r/-sound is proposed. While it can be easily stated that the letter <r> is the 18th letter in the English alphabet, it is much more arduous to define what is meant by the /r/-sound. In chapter 2, a number of definitions of /r/ are explored. Section 2.1 presents an articulatory description and section 2.2 offers an acoustic description. A theoretical definition is provided in section 2.3. By exploring the distinguishing features of the /r/-sound, it can be distinguished from other sounds. From these three perspectives, a more encompassing view of the complicated English /r/-sound can be obtained.
In chapter 3, three hypotheses are presented. The first two are the main hypotheses for the current study. There is also a third (minor) hypothesis and it is an offshoot from some of the research findings from the first hypothesis. In section 3.1.1, hypothesis 1 (H1) investigates the frequency of the problem that L1-German speakers have when speaking the American English /r/-sound aloud when it is postvocalic and in a weakened syllable. Hypothesis 2 (H2) is put forward in section 3.1.2. It explores the frequency of /w/-substitution for /r/ when the latter sound is prevocalic in a stressed syllable. For the final and third hypothesis (H3), one specific occassion where L1 interference occurs (i.e. /ɐ/ for /ə/) is researched in section 3.1.3.
Some organizational details concerning the study are also included in the third chapter. The general set-up of the study is provided in section 3.2.1. Information pertaining to both the disqualified participants of the study as well as the 50 test subjects who were selected for the study is available in section 3.2.1.2. Details on technical equipment and software programs are disclosed in sections 3.2.1.1 and 3.2.1.3. The prescribed reading texts that the test subjects needed to read aloud are presented in the subsections of section 3.2.2.
For a better understanding of the acoustic properties of the prevocalic /r/-sound, five expressions from the reading text are selected. In section 3.3, the expressions are also articulated by the author (a native speaker of a variety of English from North America) in four different scenarios. The scenarios try to illustrate a limited number of possible articulatory variations. The author utters the expressions in four different ways: 1.) with lip spreading, 2.) in isolation, 3.) in connected speech and 4.) with /w/-substitution for /r/. These articulations serve as a template for understanding how the acoustic features of /r/ changes. Some of these changes are noticeable in the articulations of the test subjects (presented in chapter 4).
In chapter 4, the data collected for the three hypotheses are presented. For H1, section 4.1 and its subsections document the formant readings of a number of English expressions which contain the postvocalic /r/. In this analysis, it is important to detect where the central approximant is elided. In cases of elision, the samples have their schwa-like sounds plotted in a vowel quadrilateral, so that their locations can be detected. In section 4.2 and its subsections, data observations for H2 are discussed. From these data, the extent of /w/-substitution for /r/ when it is prevocalic in a stressed syllable can be observed. In section 4.3, an analysis of the /ɐ/-sound from three German expressions as they are spoken by the 50 test subjects is presented for H3. Together with pertinent data (i.e. formant readings) from H1, a comparison is made between the locations of /ə/ and /ɐ/. This section concludes with a plotting of all samples of these two vowels in a vowel chart.
In the final chapter of the current study, the main findings of the three hypotheses are summarized. Chapter 5 also provides some insights into a few of the gaps or limitations in the present research. Future research endeavors are proposed in order to suggest possible avenues to advance the findings reported on in the fourth chapter. In addition, several teaching suggestions and pronunciation exercises for implementing the /r/-sound in class are presented.
Lastly, there is an appendix section that consists of 14 smaller appendices (i.e Volume 2). The spectrograms and formant readings for each expression spoken by each of the 50 test subjects are documented in Appendix A to M. In Appendix N, some charts, tables, diagrams, etc. that are discussed throughout the following chapters are made available. Copies of the original questionnaire that were filled out by the test subjects are also in Appendix N.
Das Bulletin Esskulturen ist aus dem Verbundprojekt „Esskulturen. Objekte, Praktiken, Semantiken“ hervorgegangen, das im Rahmen der Förderlinie „Sprache der Objekte“ von September 2018 bis August 2021 vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung finanziert wird. In jeder Ausgabe bildet ein Objekt der Stiftung Bürgerliche Wohnkultur, Sammlung Alex Poignard (Landesmuseum Koblenz) den Ausgangspunkt für eine interdisziplinäre Auseinandersetzung mit unterschiedlichen soziokulturellen Fragen rund um das Thema Essen.
Tisch-Ordnungen. Hierarchisierung und Egalisierung,
Bulletin Esskulturen, 1. Jahrgang 2019, Mappe 1, Faszikel 1-6
Inhalt der Ausgabe
Cordula Stadtfeld, Aufgetischt. Menuhalter aus der Sammlung
Alex Poignard im Landesmuseum
Michaela Bauks, Tischordnung im frühen Christentum.
Die Umwandlung gesellschaftlicher Werte
Marion Steinicke,
Ungeladene Gäste.
Tischordnungen für Lebende und Tote
Nicole Maruo-Schröder,
„A Family of Peculiar Construction“. Tisch-(Un-)Ordnungen in Frank J. Webbs The Garies and Their Friends
Andreas Ackermann,
„Und die Mutter blicket stumm
auf dem ganzen Tisch herum“. Über Tisch-(Un-)Ordnungen
Tanita Burda, Tischordnungen.
Makro im Mikro – Ein Gedankenspiel
Impressum
Das Bulletin Esskulturen ist aus dem Verbundprojekt „Esskulturen. Objekte, Praktiken, Semantiken“ hervorgegangen, das im Rahmen der Förderlinie „Sprache der Objekte“ von September 2018 bis August 2021 vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung finanziert wird. In jeder Ausgabe bildet ein Objekt der Stiftung Bürgerliche Wohnkultur, Sammlung Alex Poignard (Landesmuseum Koblenz) den Ausgangspunkt für eine interdisziplinäre Auseinandersetzung mit unterschiedlichen soziokulturellen Fragen rund um das Thema Essen.
Speise-Räume. Atmosphäre und Ambiente,
Bulletin Esskulturen, 3. Jahrgang 2021, Mappe VII, Faszikel 37-42
Inhalt der Ausgabe
Jörg Hahn, „Mein Lieblingsessplatz“. Eine Unterrichtsreihe in einer sechsten Klasse des Wilhelm-Remy-Gymnasiums, Bendorf/Rhein
Mila Brill, Arcadia. Atmosphäre und Materialität in gastronomischen Zwischen-Räumen
Maria Mothes, Ambiguous Commensality. Die Tischgemeinschaft als mehrdeutiger Raum in Mohsin Hamids The Reluctant Fundamentalist
Manja Wilkens, Esszimmer im 19. Jahrhundert
Angela Kaupp, Refektorium – das Speisezimmer der Ordensgemeinschaft
Michaela Bauks, Wo lässt man es sich schmecken? Eine kleine Geschichte des Esszimmers
Impressum
Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) has experienced growing importance in the last decades and an increasing number of schools have already implemented CLIL programmes or are planning to do so. Though the potentials of CLIL programmes are widely praised, first research results also raise doubts if CLIL students can live up to these high expectations. Both Fehling (2005) as well as Rumlich (2013; 2016), for example, found that CLIL programmes not inevitably show the expected results but that the CLIL students’ success might also be at least partially explained by other influences, such as the selection process of future CLIL students. Hence, CLIL students apparently fall short of the high expectations that are usually connected to the respective CLIL programmes and as this is mainly based on the unsatisfactory quality of these programmes, Rumlich concludes that “it is now high time to focus on the quality of CLIL provision” (Rumlich 2016: 452). He continues to explain that “the promises of CLIL do not materialise automatically owing to the fact that another language is used for learning in a non-language subject” (Rumlich 2016: 452). It must be assumed that the success of CLIL teaching also highly depends on the quality of the CLIL teachers.
In contrast to the continuously growing number of CLIL schools, however, the number of specifically trained CLIL teachers is comparably small. In Germany, CLIL teachers are not (yet) required to attend any special training in order to teach in a CLIL programme. Notwithstanding, is it sufficient for a CLIL teacher only to be trained in the content subject and the foreign language? Or does CLIL teaching require more than the sum of these two components? Do CLIL teachers need additional teaching competences to the ones of a content and a language teacher? In the light of the recent findings of CLIL programmes falling short of the high expectations, the answer to these questions must clearly be “Yes”. Hence, in order to appropriately train (future) CLIL teachers, special training programmes need to be developed which consider the teachers’ individual educational backgrounds, i.e. their qualifications as language and/or as content teachers and build up on these competences through adding the CLIL-specific teaching competences.
Therefore, this thesis aims at developing a German Framework for CLIL Teacher Education, which considers both the already published, theory-based standards of CLIL teacher education as well as the practical perspective of experienced CLIL teachers in Germany. This German Framework for CLIL Teacher Education classifies the different teaching competences, which are derived from integrating the theoretical and the practical perspective on CLIL teacher education, with regard to the three different competence areas, i.e. the general teaching competence, the language teaching competence and the subject teaching competence and is hence adaptable to different CLIL settings and educational backgrounds. In addition to developing this German Framework for CLIL Teacher Education, which provides the content of future CLIL teacher education programmes, this thesis discusses different forms of structurally implementing CLIL teacher education programmes in the existing structures of teacher education in Germany. This is achieved through analysing the current state of the art of CLIL teacher education at German universities and systematising the different forms of implementing these training programmes in the prevailing educational structures. Building on these first two steps, in the third and final step, this thesis develops a CLIL teacher education programme at a German university that is based on the results and elements of the German Framework for CLIL Teacher Education as well as the state of the art of CLIL teacher education in Germany. Thus, this thesis is allocated at the intersection between foreign language teaching as well as teacher education and is structured in eleven chapters.
Das Bulletin Esskulturen ist aus dem Verbundprojekt „Esskulturen. Objekte, Praktiken, Semantiken“ hervorgegangen, das im Rahmen der Förderlinie „Sprache der Objekte“ von September 2018 bis August 2021 vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung finanziert wird. In jeder Ausgabe bildet ein Objekt der Stiftung Bürgerliche Wohnkultur, Sammlung Alex Poignard (Landesmuseum Koblenz) den Ausgangspunkt für eine interdisziplinäre Auseinandersetzung mit unterschiedlichen soziokulturellen Fragen rund um das Thema Essen.
Service-Kräfte. Sozialstatus und Rollenspiel,
Bulletin Esskulturen, 2. Jahrgang 2020, Mappe IV, Faszikel 19-24
Inhalt der Ausgabe
Britta Stein, Exotisches Dienstpersonal. Sozialstatus und Rollenspiel am Beispiel einer Reklamesammelkarte der Firma Kemmerich
Nicole Maruo-Schröder, Esskultur und Servicepersonal im Amerika des 19. Jahrhunderts
Ina Kerner, Wer kocht und wer bügelt. Von Haushaltsarbeit, Ungleichheit und bürgerlichen Privilegien
Amalia Barboza, Empregadas. Auf der Suche nach Uniformen für Service-Kräfte in Brasilien (für Martha)
Dietrich Paulus/Maria Lebeda/Raphael Memmesheimer, Warum Knigge auffälliges Winken nach dem Kellner demnächst billigen wird
Maik Exner, Servicekräfte in Aktion. Überlegungen aus der Perspektive der embedded und enactive cognition
Impressum
Das Bulletin Esskulturen ist aus dem Verbundprojekt „Esskulturen. Objekte, Praktiken, Semantiken“ hervorgegangen, das im Rahmen der Förderlinie „Sprache der Objekte“ von September 2018 bis August 2021 vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung finanziert wird. In jeder Ausgabe bildet ein Objekt der Stiftung Bürgerliche Wohnkultur, Sammlung Alex Poignard (Landesmuseum Koblenz) den Ausgangspunkt für eine interdisziplinäre Auseinandersetzung mit unterschiedlichen soziokulturellen Fragen rund um das Thema Essen.
Ess-Manieren. Etikette und Abweichung,
Bulletin Esskulturen, 2. Jahrgang 2020, Mappe III, Faszikel 13-18
Inhalt der Ausgabe
Petra Habrock-Henrich, Der Serviettenring. Funktionsbesteckteil mit Symbolkraft, Dekorations- und Sammlungsobjekt
Clemens Albrecht, Trotzdem. Die paradoxalen Grundlagen der Essmanieren
Albrecht Classen, Tischzuchten und höfisches Verhalten im Mittelalter. Essen als soziales Ereignis
Susanne Enderwitz, Tischmanieren im Kontext. Futuwa und zarf im mittelalterlichen Islam
Gianluca Cavelti/Thomas Schmid, Tischsitten im Kontext institutioneller Erziehung
Maximilian Rünker, Mehr als Zu(-)Schauen. Popcornessen und die Körperlichkeit des Kinos
Impressum
Das Bulletin Esskulturen ist aus dem Verbundprojekt „Esskulturen. Objekte, Praktiken, Semantiken“ hervorgegangen, das im Rahmen der Förderlinie „Sprache der Objekte“ von September 2018 bis August 2021 vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung finanziert wird. In jeder Ausgabe bildet ein Objekt der Stiftung Bürgerliche Wohnkultur, Sammlung Alex Poignard (Landesmuseum Koblenz) den Ausgangspunkt für eine interdisziplinäre Auseinandersetzung mit unterschiedlichen soziokulturellen Fragen rund um das Thema Essen.
Geschlechter-Diätetik. Gender und Speisekonventionen,
Bulletin Esskulturen, 2. Jahrgang 2020, Mappe II, Faszikel 7-12
Inhalt der Ausgabe
Mira van Leewen, Die Barttasse. Vom Sammlungs- zum Ausstellungsobjekt
Uta Schaffers, Einverleibungen. Fremde – Frauen – Essen
Maria Mothes,
„As fragile as a Tea Glass“. Ein weibliches Identifikationsobjekt in The Bastard of Istanbul von Elif Shafak
Mila Brill, Konventionen in der Halböffentlichkeit. Von verbotenen Früchten und einer angeeigneten Shisha-Zange
Stefan Meier, A wie Adam, Z wie Zacherl – und E wie Eva? Fernsehköche als Repräsentanten eines kulinarischen Lifestyles
Maja Linke, Retrotopie mit Schnurrbarttasse und das Recht, zu gehorchen
Impressum
Das Bulletin Esskulturen ist aus dem Verbundprojekt „Esskulturen. Objekte, Praktiken, Semantiken“ hervorgegangen, das im Rahmen der Förderlinie „Sprache der Objekte“ von September 2018 bis August 2021 vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung finanziert wird. In jeder Ausgabe bildet ein Objekt der Stiftung Bürgerliche Wohnkultur, Sammlung Alex Poignard (Landesmuseum Koblenz) den Ausgangspunkt für eine interdisziplinäre Auseinandersetzung mit unterschiedlichen soziokulturellen Fragen rund um das Thema Essen.
Tafel-Dekorationen. Speisegestaltung und Repräsentation,
Bulletin Esskulturen, 2. Jahrgang 2020, Mappe V, Faszikel 25-30
Inhalt der Ausgabe
Britta Stein, Tafeldekoration = Repräsentation? Einblicke in die Sammlung Alex Poignard
Barbara Weyandt, „Nur Verschwendung bringt Prestige ...“. Tafelaufsätze zwischen Luxus und sozialem Sinn
Stefanie Brüning, Vergängliche Tafelfreuden
Heinz Georg Held, Das stille Leben nach dem Leben. Zur Kunst-Sprache des Tafeldekors
Hans Körner, Eine Runkelrübe als Tischdekoration
Andreas Ackermann, Wein, dekorativ betrachtet. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des bundesrepublikanischen Staatsbanketts
Impressum