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Soziale Netzwerke sind allgegenwärtige Strukturen, die wir jeden Tag generieren und bereichern, während wir uns über Plattformen der sozialen Medien, E-Mails und jede andere Art von Interaktion mit Menschen verbinden. Während diese Strukturen für uns nicht greifbar sind, sind sie sehr wichtige Informationsträger. Zum Beispiel kann die politische Neigung unserer Freunde ein Näherungswert sein, um unsere eigenen politischen Präferenzen zu identifizieren. Gleichermaßen
kann die Kreditwürdigkeit unserer Freunde entscheidend bei der Gewährung oder Ablehnung unserer eigenen Kredite sein. Diese Erklärungskraft wird bei der Gesetzgebung, bei Unternehmensentscheidungen und in der Forschung genutzt, da sie maschinellen Lerntechniken hilft, genaue Vorhersagen zu treffen. Diese Verallgemeinerungen kommen jedoch häufig nur der Mehrheit der Menschen zugute, welche die allgemeine Struktur des Netzwerks prägen, und benachteiligen unterrepräsentierte Gruppen, indem sie ihre Mittel und Möglichkeiten begrenzen. Daher ist es wichtig zuerst zu verstehen, wie sich soziale Netzwerke bilden, um dann zu überprüfen, inwieweit ihre Mechanismen der Kantenbildung dazu beitragen, soziale Ungleichheiten in Algorithmen des maschinellen Lernens zu verstärken.
Zu diesem Zweck schlage ich im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit HopRank und Janus vor, zwei Methoden um die Mechanismen der Kantenbildung in realen ungerichteten sozialen Netzwerken zu charakterisieren. HopRank ist ein Modell der Daten-Hamsterei in Netzwerken. Sein Schlüsselkonzept ist ein gezinkter zufälliger Wanderer, der auf Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten zwischen K-Hop-Nachbarschaften basiert. Janus ist ein Bayessches Rahmenwerk, mit dem wir plausible Hypothesen der Kantenbildung in Fällen identifizieren und bewerten können, in denen Knoten zusätzliche Daten enthalten. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit untersuche ich die Auswirkungen dieser Mechanismen - welche die Kantenbildung in sozialen Netzwerken erklären - auf das maschinelle Lernen. Insbesondere untersuche ich den Einfluss von Homophilie, bevorzugter Bindung, Kantendichte, Anteil von Minderheiten und der Richtung von Verbindungen sowohl auf Leistung als auch auf systematische Fehler von kollektiver Klassifizierung und auf die Sichtbarkeit von Minderheiten in Top-K-Rängen. Meine Ergebnisse zeigen eine starke Korrelation zwischen der Netzwerkstruktur und den Ergebnissen des maschinellen Lernens. Dies legt nahe, dass die systematische Diskriminierung spezieller Personen: (i) durch den Netzwerktyp vorweggenommen und (ii) durch strategisches Verbinden im Netzwerk verhindert werden kann.
This study examines the contribution of saving and credit cooperatives (SACCOS) on the improvement of members‘ socio economic development in Rwanda: Opportunities and challenges‖, Evidence from Umwalimu SACCO- Huye District‖. The appearance of saving and credit cooperatives or credit unions has been known as remedy for social ills rooted in poverty because of its efficiency in loans or credits dispensation, social equality for enhancement and reduction of poverty amongst low income earners. Therefore, millions and millions of poor people and non-bankable in developing countries (or third world countries) have been provided access to formal financial services through saving and credit cooperatives‘ programs.
The targeted population concerned by the study was 1,940 members of USACCO from which a sample of 92 respondents was purposively selected. The study has adopted a combination of correlation and descriptive research design. It has employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study used both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected using questionnaire and interview and, while secondary data was collected using documentations techniques whereby, Manual of procedures and Credit policies of USACCO and financial reports have been consulted. The analysis of data was done using SPSS version 21. The data was presented in form of tables, charts and graphs designed by SPSS v. 21. The bio-characteristics of respondents showed that, the majority of respondents were women with 55.4%, majority of respondents‘ age is between 26 to 45 years Furthermore, and majority 77.20% of respondents were married. 100% of respondents attended school, where the majority of respondents attended secondary school with certificate A2.
The study has revealed that Umwalimu SACCO services offered to its members have a positive effect on the improvement of members‘ welfare. It was found that USACCO services have slightly affected income level of members, assets acquired, access to education and medical care as well as small income generating activities established by members in Huye District. The analysis of data also revealed that there are some variables which have effected USACCO members‘ socio-economic status, these were listed as: Education background of a member, number of dependents, the occupation of a member, and number of loans got from USACCO, government programs against teachers‘ welfare, and membership duration played very important role on the improvement of standard living of teachers. All these variables were found to have positive effects on teachers‘ socio-economic status, except the family size of respondents.
In addition, the findings showed that, the majority of respondents confirmed that, they did not find opportunities to save with other financial institutions, and other respondents did not have access to loan from other financial institutions due to complicated loan requirements. In addition, after they
have joined USACCO, their deplorable status somewhat changed, both socially and economically which has contributed to the improvement of their welfare. Therefore, the study testified that, the welfare of USACCO members in terms of assets acquired, income increased was improved compared to situation before joining USACCO. The study concludes that ―the level of improvement of living conditions of teachers depends largely to the level of loan granted by USACCO to teachers and membership duration. If the level of teachers‘ loan and saving increases, there will be also improvement of teachers‘ wellbeing‖ and finally, USACCO financial service is a veritable instrument for better improvement of economic and social conditions of teachers. The study recommends that, USACCO should provide frequent and regular trainings on business management game to their members. This could help members for good management of their loans and reducing loan defaulters‘ cases observed at USACCO. Challenges observed were lack of physical collateral security required by USACCO, complicated loan requirements terms and conditions and insufficient trainings on business management game.
Instructor feedback on written assignments is one of the most important elements in the writing process, especially for students writing in English as a foreign language. However, students are often critical of both the amount and quality of the feedback they receive. In order to better understand what makes feedback effective, this study explored the nature of students’ assessments of the educational alliance, and how their receptivity to, perceptions of, and decisions about using their instructors’ feedback differed depending on how strong they believed the educational alliance to be. This exploratory case study found that students not only assessed the quality of the educational alliance based on goal compatibility, task relevance, and teacher effectiveness, but that there was also a reciprocal relationship between these elements. Furthermore, students’ perceptions of the educational alliance directly influenced how they perceived the feedback, which made the instructor’s choice of feedback method largely irrelevant. Stronger educational alliances resulted in higher instances of critical engagement, intrinsic motivation, and feelings of self-efficacy. The multidirectional influence of goal, task, and bond mean that instructors who want to maximize their feedback efforts need to attend to all three.
The growing numbers of breeding rooks (Corvus frugilegus) in the city of Landau (Rhineland- Palatinate, Germany) increase the potential for conflict between rooks and humans, which is mainly associated with noise and faeces. Therefore, the aim of this work is a better understanding of the breeding tree selection of the rook in order to develop options for action and management in the future.
Part I of this thesis provides general background information on the rook and includes mapping of the rookeries in the Anterior Palatinate and South Palatinate including Landau in the year 2020. That mapping revealed that the number of rural colonies has decreased, while the number of urban colonies has increased in the study area in the last few years. In line with current literature, tree species and tree size were important criteria for breeding tree selection. However, the mapping showed that additional factors must be important as well.
Therefore, as rooks seem to often breed along traffic axes, Part II of this thesis examines how temperature, artificial light and noise, which are all linked to traffic axes, affect the breeding tree selection of the rook in the city of Landau. The following three hypotheses are developed: (1) manually selected breeding trees (Bm) have a warmer microclimate than manually selected non-breeding trees (Nm) or randomly selected non-breeding trees (Nr), (2) Bm are exposed to a higher light level than Nm or Nr and (3) Bm are exposed to a higher noise level than Nm or Nr. To test these hypotheses, 15 Bm, 13 Nm and 16 Nr are investigated.
The results show that Bm were exposed to more noise than both types of non-breeding trees (μBm, noise = 36.52481 dB, μNm, noise = 31.27229 dB, μNr, noise = 29.17417 dB) where the difference between Bm and Nr was significant. In addition, there was a tendency for Bm to be exposed to less light (μBm, light = 0.356 lx) than Nm (μNm, light = 0.4107692 lx) and significantly less light than Nr (μNr, light = 1.995 lx), while temperature did not differ between the groups (μBm, temp = 16.90549 °C, μNm, temp = 16.93118 °C, μNr, temp = 17.28639 °C).
This study shows for the first time that rooks prefer trees which are exposed to low light levels and high noise levels, i.e. more intense traffic noise, for breeding. It can only be speculated that the cause of this is lower enemy pressure at such sites. The fact that temperature does not seem to have any influence on breeding tree selection may be due to only small temperature differences at nest height, which might be compensated by breeding behaviour. Consequently, in the long term one management approach could be to divert traffic from inner-city areas, especially schools and hospitals, to bypasses. If tree genera suitable for rooks, such as plane trees, are planted along the bypasses, those sites could provide suitable alternative habitats to inner-city breeding locations, which become less attractive for breeding due to noise reduction. In the short term in addition to locally implemented repellent measures the most effective approach is to strengthen rook acceptance among the population. However, further research is needed to verify the results of this thesis and to gain further insights into rook breeding site selection in order to develop effective management measures.
Motiviert wurde die vorliegende Arbeit durch die dynamischen Phänomene, die bei grundlegenden katalytischen Oberflächenreaktionen beobachtet werden, insbesondere durch Bi- und Tristabilität und die Wechselwirkungen zwischen diesen stabilen Zuständen. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden drei Reaktions-Diffusions-Modelle entwickelt und auf Bifurkationen analytisch und mittels numerischer Simulationen untersucht.
Das erste Modell wurde entwickelt, um die bistabile CO-Oxidation auf Ir(111) um Wasserstoff und dessen Oxidationsreaktionen zu erweitern. Das Differentialgleichungssystem wurde im Rahmen der Bifurkationstheorie analysiert, wobei drei Zweige stabiler Lösungen gefunden wurden. Einer der Zustände ist durch hohe Bildungsraten gekennzeichnet (upper rate, UR), während die anderen beiden Zweige niedrige Bildungsraten aufweisen (lower rate (LR) \& very low rate (VLR)).
Die Kurve der Sattel-Knoten-Bifurkationen bildet zwei Spitzen aus, wodurch die sich überschneidenden Zustände die Form eines Schwalbenschwanzes bilden. Eine Temperaturerhöhung führt zur Entfaltung und damit zu einer Komplexitätserniedrigung des Systems.
Um die experimentelle (Un-)Zugänglichkeit dieser Zustände zu veranschaulichen wurde eine Reihe von numerischen Simulationen durchgeführt, die mögliche Experimente widerspiegeln. Relaxationsexperimente zeigen teilweise lange Konvergenzzeiten. Quasi-statisches Scannen des Versuchsparameters zeigt die Existenz aller drei Zustände innerhalb des tristabilen Region und ihre jeweilige Umwandlung beim Verlassen desselben.
Ein erster Versuch bezüglich Reaktions-Diffusions-Fronten zwischen den stabilen Zuständen wurde durchgeführt. In 1D dominiert UR, während in 2D die Interphase zwischen UR und VLR durch den LR Zustand durchdrungen wird.
Anschließend wurde ein generisches `Parodie'-Monospezies-Modell für die umfassende Untersuchung von Reaktions-Diffusions-Fronten verwendet. Als Reaktionsterm wurde ein Polynom fünften Grades gewählt. Dies resultiert aus einem polynomischen Potential sechster Ordnung, das mit der ``Schmetterlingsbifurkation'' verbunden ist. Dies garantiert abhängig von dem vierdimensionalen Parameterraum bis zu drei stabile Lösungen ($u_{0}$,$u_{1}$,$u_{2}$).
Das Modell wurde eingehend untersucht, wobei Regionen mit ähnlichem Verhalten identifiziert wurden. Es wurde ein Term für die Frontgeschwindigkeit zwischen zwei stabilen Zuständen abgeleitet, der eine Abhängigkeit von der relativen Potentialdifferenz der beiden Zustände zeigt. Es wurden Äquipotentialkurven gefunden, bei denen die Geschwindigkeit der zugehörigen Front verschwindet. Numerische Simulationen auf einer zweidimensionalen, endlichen Scheibe unterstützten diese Ergebnisse.
Außerdem wurde die Front-Splitting-Instabilität beobachtet, bei der die Frontlösung $u_{02}$ instabil wird und sich in $u_{01}$ und $u_{12}$ mit je unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten aufteilt. Eine gute Schätzung zu den Grenzen der Front-Splitting-Region wurde gegeben und mit Hilfe von numerischen Zeitentwicklungen überprüft.
Schließlich wurde das etablierte kontinuierliche Modell räumlich diskretisiert, wobei eine einfache Domäne in 1D und drei verschiedene Gitter in 2D (quadratisch, hexagonal, dreieckig) verwendet wurden. Bei niedrigen Diffusivitäten oder großen Abständen zwischen den gekoppelten Knoten können die Fronten `einfrieren', falls die Parameter in der Nähe einer Äquipotentiallinie liegen. Dieses Phänomen ist als Propagationsversagen (PF) bekannt und sein Ausmaß im Parameterraum (Pinning Region) wurde in 1D untersucht. In 2D wurde zunächst eine Schätzung für die Frontausbreitung in ausgezeichnete Gitterrichtungen mittels einer Pseudo-2D-Näherung vorgenommen.
Nahe der Pinning-Region weichen die Frontgeschwindigkeiten erheblich von der kontinuierlichen Erwartung ab, da die exakte Form des Potentials signifikant wird. Größe und Form der Pinning-Regionen wird von der Kopplungsstärke, dem Gitter, die Frontausrichtung zum Gitter und die Frontlösung selbst entschieden. Das Bifurkationsdiagramm zeigt eine schlängelnde Kurve innerhalb der Pinning-Region, wobei jeder abwechselnde Zweig aus stabilen bzw. instabilen, eingefrorenen Fronten besteht.
Numerische Simulationen bestätigten die Beobachtungen bezüglich des PF und der Gitterabhängigkeit. Darüber hinaus wurde der Einfluss der Frontorientierung auf die Geschwindigkeit genauer untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, dass Fronten mit ausgezeichneter Orientierung zum Gitter mehr oder weniger anfällig für PF sind. Hieraus resultiert die Möglichkeit zur Stabilisierung von metastabilen Mustern, welche die Gittergeometrie widerspiegelt. Die Quantifizierung der winkelabhängigen Frontausbreitung zeigt plausible Ergebnisse mit einer guten Übereinstimmung zum Pseudo-2D-Ansatz.
Abstract for the print-book: Walden, R. (2008). Architectural Psychology: School, University Campus, and Office Building of the Future. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers (in German). The need for display of self in architecture and for users' self-regulation of stress factors, which demonstrate that users crave individual control of their environment (cf. Flammer, 1990; Burger, 1992) motivated this study to use the concept of environmental control as a central criterion for the evaluation of built environment. It was applied to three case studies: a school, a university campus, and an office building. Advantages and disadvantages of the data- gathering methods of architectural Programming, User-Needs Analysis, and Post-Occupancy Evaluation were analyzed to highlight their significance in terms of Building Performance Evaluation as described by Preiser and Sc hramm (1997, 2005). The “Koblenz Architecture Questionnaire” was used as an instrument for assessing the built environment of the three case studies, and the study reports selected findings from these questionnaires. The investigation seeks to determine the effect of architecture - especially buildings' provisions for user control of environmental conditions - on user performance (cf. BOSTI studies, 1984, 2001) in three innovative buildings: the Waldorf School in Cologne, the new campus for the University in Koblenz, and the Office Tower of the Deutsche Post World Net AG in Bonn. Performance is measured in terms of (1) Lear ning and Work Efficiency, (2) Well-being, (3) Environmental Control, (4) Social Behavior (the latter just for the school project), and by means of 21 and 16 additional psychological criteria for success of the organization in the cases of the university and the office building, respectively. The study aims, among other things, at reassessing the theoretical concept of 'environmental control' and at making recommendations for both improvement of existing buildings and the design of new projects. Two central questions are: In User-Needs Analysis, what is the difference between the assessment of a building for its current use and its estimated performance in future? Do certain architectural features influence user assessments on the given performance criteria? In the studies, three mapping sentences were developed according to the 'facet approach' (Borg, 1996) as well as two systems to judge the quality of school and office buildings. Using these systems, information was obtained in all three studies to construct questionnaires. In the school study, teachers were asked 139 questions, pupils 86 questions. Responses were obtained from 26 teachers and 122 pupils. For the university, 147 students and 28 faculty members responded to 203 questions. For the office building, 56 student-experts were asked 254 questions. Characteristics of the built environment were rated using the following scale: +2 ☺☺ (very good “at present”, and accordingly very important “in the future”) down to –2 // (very bad “at present”, and very unimportant “in the future”). A general finding was a high and significant co rrelation between the responses for the three main performance criteria in all three case studies, especially for the 'importance for the future' aspect. This supports the conclusion that a perception of higher degree of environmental control by users will lead to an increased sense of well-being and consequently, there will also be a higher expectation of improved work or learning efficiency 'in the future'. The three studies further show for example that users in all three environments desire 'retreat opportunities' which may take the form of student offices in schools, niches and small group seating in classrooms, and sheltered seating in outdoor areas and work tables in the cafeteria for the university. For the offices, users wanted more visual privacy (less transparent office partitions in Combi Offices) for less visual control of their activities by supervisors and co-workers. The relationships found by the studies between the responses on the central performance criteria and the spatial characteristics of the three buildings support the contention that focused improvements in the built environment, especially with respect to features that enhance user control of environmental conditions, will influence users’ well-being as well as work performance and work or learning efficiency in a positive way.
Agricultural plastic covers made from polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) provide increased yields and an improved crop quality. However, such covers are suspected of partially breaking down into smaller debris and thereby contributing to soil pollution with microplastics. To scrutinize this, we randomly sampled 240 topsoil cores (0–5 cm) from eight fields which were covered with fleeces, perforated foils, and plastic mulches for less than 2 years. Samples from the field periphery (50 m perimeter) served as a reference. Visual plastic debris > 2 mm was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Smaller, soil-associated plastic debris was dispersed from 50 g of fine soil (≤ 2 mm) using sodium hexametaphosphate solution and density-separated with saturated NaCl solution. The collected PE, PP, and polystyrene (PS) debris was selectively dissolved in a mixture of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and p-xylene at 150 °C and quantified by pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). We counted six PE and PS fragments > 2 mm in two out of eight fields. By contrast, Py-GC/MS detected PE, PP, and PS contents in the fine soil of six fields (6 % of all samples). In three fields, PE levels of 3–35 mg kg−1 were potentially associated with the use of thinner and less durable perforated foils (40 µm thickness). This was slightly more pronounced at field edges where the plastic covers are turned and weighed down. By contrast, 50 µm thick PE films were not shown to emit any plastic debris. PP contents of 5–10 mg kg−1 were restricted to single observations in the field centers of three sites. At one site, we found expanded PS particles > 2 mm that concurred with elevated PS levels (8–19 mg kg−1) in the fine soil. Both PP and PS were distributed indistinctly across sites so that their source remained unresolved. In addition, the extent to which plastic contents of up to 7 mg kg−1 in the field periphery of some sites were attributed to wind drift from the covered fields or from external sources needs to be investigated in future studies. Our results suggest that the short-term use of thicker and more durable plastic covers should be preferred over thinner or perforated films to limit plastic emissions and accumulation in soil.
Diese Bachelorarbeit erforscht eine Methode zur 3D-Objekterkennung und Posenschätzung, basierend auf dem Punkte-Paare-Eigenschaften-Verfahren (PPE) von Drost et. al. [Dro+10]. Die Methoden der Posenschätzung haben sich in den letzten Jahre zwar deutlich verbessert, stellen jedoch weiterhin ein zentrales Problem im Bereich der Computervisualistik dar. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein Programm implementiert, welches Punktewolkenszenen als Ausgangspunkt erhält und daraus eine Objekterkennung und Posenschätzung durchführt. Das Programm deckt alle Schritte eines Objekterkennungsprogramm ab, indem es 3D-Modelle von Objekten verarbeitet, um deren PPE zu extrahieren. Diese Eigenschaften werden gruppiert und in einer Tabelle gespeichert. Anhand des Auswahlverfahrens, bei dem die Übereinstimmung der Eigenschaften überprüft wird, können potenzielle Posen des Objekts ermittelt werden. Die Posen mit der größten Übereinstimmung werden miteinander verglichen, um ähnliche Posen zu gruppieren. Die Gruppen mit der höchsten Übereinstimmung werden erneut überprüft, sodass am Ende nur eine Pose ausgewählt wird. Das Programm wurde anhand von Real– und Simulationsdaten Daten getestet. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse wurden anschließend analysiert und evaluiert.
These proceedings contain 6 papers presented at the 1st Interdisciplinary Conference on Gamification and Entrepreneurship (StartPlay) 2022. The conference was held at the University of Koblenz-Landau in Koblenz, Germany, on August 05-06, 2022.
Game-Balance Simulation as a Tool for the Evaluation of
Systematically Designed Gamification Strategies
Authors: David Kessing, Manuel Löwer
A Canvas Framework for Gameful Design Concepts
Authors: Max Höllen, Thomas Voit
Gamified Sustainable Entrepreneurship Education –
A digital Educational Escape Room for economy classes
in German High Schools
Authors: Jürgen Frentz, Marie Tuchscherer, Claudia Wiepcke
Playing Positive Psychology: The Development of a
Positive-Psychological Board Game for Team Building
Authors: Leonie Kloep, Anna-Lena Helten, Corinna Peifer
Gamification Design for Goal Activation and Goal Striving
in Digital Marketing and Innovation Management
Authors: Jenny V. Bittner, Christian Wellmann
Gamification of Assembly Routines: Planned User Study
Evaluating a Level System with Customized Feedback
Elements
Authors: Jessica Ulmer, Sebastian Braun, Jörg Wollert
This study was conducted in Nyungwe National Park (NNP); a biodiversity hotspot Mountain rainforest of high conservation importance in Central Africa, but with little knowledge of its insect communities including butterflies, good indicators of climate change, and forest ecosystem health. The study aimed at availing baseline data on butterfly species diversity and distribution in NNP, for future use in monitoring climate change-driven shifts and the effects of forest fragmentation on the biodiversity of Nyungwe. Butterflies were collected seasonally using fruit-baited traps and hand nets along elevational transects spanning from 1700 m up to 2950 m of altitude. Two hundred forty-two species including 28 endemics to the Albertine Rift and 18 potential local climate change indicators were documented. Species richness and abundance declined with increasing elevation and higher seasonal occurrence was observed during the dry season. This was the first study on the spatial and temporal distribution of butterflies in NNP and further studies could be conducted to add more species and allow a depth understanding of the ecology of Nyungwe butterflies.
Semantic-Web-Technologien haben sich als Schlüssel für die Integration verteilter und heterogener Datenquellen im Web erwiesen, da sie die Möglichkeit bieten, typisierte Verknüpfungen zwischen Ressourcen auf dynamische Weise und nach den Prinzipien von sogenannten Dataspaces zu definieren. Die weit verbreitete Einführung dieser Technologien in den letzten Jahren führte zu einer großen Menge und Vielfalt von Datensätzen, die als maschinenlesbare RDF-Daten veröffentlicht wurden und nach ihrer Verknüpfung das sogenannte Web of Data bilden. Angesichts des großen Datenumfangs werden diese Verknüpfungen normalerweise durch Berechnungsmethoden generiert, den Inhalt von RDF-Datensätzen analysieren und die Entitäten und Schemaelemente identifizieren, die über die Verknüpfungen verbunden werden sollen. Analog zu jeder anderen Art von Daten müssen Links die Kriterien für Daten hoher Qualität erfüllen (z. B. syntaktisch und semantisch genau, konsistent, aktuell), um wirklich nützlich und leicht zu konsumieren zu sein. Trotz der Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet des maschinellen Lernens ist die menschliche Intelligenz für die Suche nach qualitativ hochwertigen Verbindungen nach wie vor von entscheidender Bedeutung: Menschen können Algorithmen trainieren, die Ausgabe von Algorithmen in Bezug auf die Leistung validieren, und auch die resultierenden Links erweitern. Allerdings sind Menschen – insbesondere erfahrene Menschen – nur begrenzt verfügbar. Daher kann die Ausweitung der Datenqualitätsmanagementprozesse von Dateneigentümern/-verlegern auf ein breiteres Publikum den Lebenszyklus des Datenqualitätsmanagements erheblich verbessern.
Die jüngsten Fortschritte bei Human Computation und bei Peer-Production-Technologien eröffneten neue Wege für Techniken zur Verwaltung von Mensch-Maschine-Daten, die es ermöglichten, Nicht-Experten in bestimmte Aufgaben einzubeziehen und Methoden für kooperative Ansätze bereitzustellen. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Forschungsarbeiten nutzen solche Technologien und untersuchen Mensch-Maschine-Methoden, die das Management der Verbindungsqualität im Semantic Web erleichtern sollen. Zunächst wird unter Berücksichtigung der Dimension der Verbindungsgenauigkeit eine Crowdsourcing Methode zur Ontology Alignment vorgestellt. Diese Methode, die auch auf Entitäten anwendbar ist, wird als Ergänzung zu automatischen Ontology Alignment implementiert. Zweitens werden neuartige Maßnahmen zur Dimension des Informationsgewinns eingeführt, die durch die Verknüpfungen erleichtert werden. Diese entropiezentrierten Maßnahmen liefern Datenmanagern Informationen darüber, inwieweit die Entitäten im verknüpften Datensatz Informationen in Bezug auf Entitätsbeschreibung, Konnektivität und Schemaheterogenität erhalten. Drittens wenden wir Wikidata - den erfolgreichsten Fall eines verknüpften Datensatzes, der von einer Gemeinschaft von Menschen und Bots kuratiert, verknüpft und verwaltet wird - als Fallstudie an und wenden deskriptive und prädiktive Data Mining-Techniken an, um die Ungleichheit der Teilnahme und den Nutzerschwung zu untersuchen. Unsere Ergebnisse und Methoden können Community-Managern helfen, Entscheidungen darüber zu treffen, wann/wie mit Maßnahmen zur Nutzerbindung eingegriffen werden soll. Zuletzt wird eine Ontologie zur Modellierung der Geschichte der Crowd-Beiträge auf verschiedenen Marktplätzen vorgestellt. Während der Bereich des Mensch-Maschine-Datenmanagements komplexe soziale und technische Herausforderungen mit sich bringt, zielen die Beiträge dieser Arbeit darauf ab, zur Entwicklung dieses noch aufstrebenden Bereichs beizutragen.
Men are currently underrepresented in traditionally female care-oriented (communal) engagement such as taking parental leave, whereas they are overrepresented in traditionally male (agentic) engagement such as breadwinning or leadership. We examined to what extent different prototypical representations of men affect men’s self-reported parental leave-taking intentions and more generally the future they can imagine for themselves with regard to work and care roles (i.e., their possible selves). We expected prototypes of men that combine the two basic stereotype dimensions of agency and communion to increase men’s communal intentions. In two experiments (N1 = 132, N2 = 233), we presented male participants with contrived newspaper articles that described the ideal man of today with varying degrees of agency and communion (between-subjects design with four conditions; combined agentic and communal vs. agentic vs. communal vs. control condition). Results of Experiment 1 were in line with the main hypothesis that especially presenting a combination of agency and communion increases men’s expectations for communal engagement: As compared to a control condition, men expected more to engage in caretaking in the future, reported higher parental leave-taking intentions, and tended to expect taking longer parental leave. Experiment 2 only partially replicated these findings, namely for parental leave-taking intentions. Both experiments additionally provided initial evidence for a contrast effect in that an exclusive focus on agency also increased men’s self-reported parental leave-taking intentions compared to the control condition. Yet, exclusively emphasizing communion in prototypes of men did not affect men’s communal intentions, which were high to begin with. We further did not find evidence for preregistered mechanisms. We discuss conditions and explanations for the emergence of these mixed effects as well as implications for the communication of gendered norms and barriers to men’s communal engagement more broadly.
Soziale Medien bieten eine leistungsstarke Möglichkeit für Menschen, Meinungen und Gefühle zu einem bestimmten Thema auszutauschen, sodass andere von diesen Gedanken und Gefühlen profitieren können. Dieses Verfahren erzeugt eine riesige Menge an unstrukturierten Daten, wie Texte, Bilder und Verweise, die durch täglich anwachsende Kommentare zu verwandten Diskussionen ständig zunimmt. Die riesige Menge an unstrukturierten Daten stellt jedoch ein Risiko für den Prozess der Informationsextraktion dar, sodass die Entscheidungsfindung zu einer großen Herausforderung wird. Dies liegt daran, dass die Datenflut zu einem Verlust von nützlichen Daten aufgrund ihrer unangemessenen Darstellung und ihrer Anhäufung führen kann. Insofern leistet diese Arbeit einen Beitrag zum Gebiet der Sentimentanalyse und des Opinion Mining, das darauf abzielt, Emotionen und Meinungen aus riesigen Text- und Bilddatensätzen zu extrahieren. Das ultimative Ziel ist es, jeden Text oder jedes Bild als Ausdruck einer positiven, negativen oder neutralen Emotion zu klassifizieren, um bei der Entscheidungsfindung zu helfen. Sentiment- und Meinungsklassifikatoren wurden für Text- und Bilddatensätze aus sozialen Medien entwickelt, z. B. für Firmen- oder Produktbewertungen, Blogbeiträge und sogar Twitter-Nachrichten. In dieser Arbeit wird zunächst eine neue Methode zur Reduktion der Dimension von Textdaten auf Basis von Data-Mining-Ansätzen vorgestellt und anschließend das Sentiment auf Basis von neuronalen und Deep Neural Network-Klassifikationsalgorithmen untersucht. Anschließend untersuchen wir im Gegensatz zur Sentiment-Analyseforschung in Textdatensätzen die Sentiment Ausdrucks- und Polaritätsklassifikation innerhalb und über Bilddatensätze hinweg, indem wir tiefe neuronale Netze auf Basis des Aufmerksamkeitsmechanismus aufbauen.
Background. Agricultural plastic mulches offer great benefits such as higher yields and lower pesticide use. Yet, plastic mulches may disintegrate over time and fragment into smaller debris. Such plastic debris is expected to remain in the field after removal of the plastic mulch and thus contributes to soil contamination with plastics.
Method. To investigate this, we collected soil samples at 0–10 cm and 10–40 cm depth from three fields covered with black mulch film for three consecutive years. Three fields without any reported plastic use served as control. Visual plastic debris > 1 cm (macroplastics) was collected from the soil surface. Mesoplastics between 2 mm and 1 cm were density separated from the sampled soil using saturated NaCl solution and analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Debris ≤ 2 mm (microplastics) was dispersed from 50 g soil using sodium hexametaphosphate solution followed by the aforementioned density separation. The separated polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) were quantified via solvent-based pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py–GC/MS).
Results. With 89–206 fragments ha−1, the majority of macroplastics were located in fields previously covered with mulch films. 80% of the collected specimen were identified as black PE film. The number of mesoplastics in plastic-mulched soil was 2.3 particles kg−1, while only 1.0 particles kg−1 were found in the reference fields. Py–GC/MS revealed microplastic levels of up to 13 mg kg−1. The PE content was significantly higher in plastic-mulched fields than in reference fields.
Discussion. Although the identified plastic levels are lower than those reported in comparable studies, our results still suggest that plastic mulching functions as a source of plastic debris in agricultural systems. Due to its severely restricted degradability, these plastics are likely to accumulate in soil in the long term and further fragment into smaller and smaller debris.
Manmade dams have been constructed from centuries for multiple purposes, and in the past decades they have been constructed in a fast pace, with the hotspot in tropical and subtropical regions. However, studies that explore hydrodynamics in these areas are scarce and biased to the rich literature available for temperate regions. Lakes and reservoirs have the same controlling mechanisms for physical processes and primary production, hence, analyses that were initially conceptualized for lakes are frequently applied for reservoirs. Nevertheless, longitudinal gradients in reservoirs challenges the application of these approaches.
Degradation of water quality in reservoirs is a major concern, and it is expected to be aggravated with climate change. Therefore, studies that explore mechanisms controlling water quality are essential for the maintenance of these systems, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. The aim of this thesis is to comprehend the role of hydrodynamic processes in the fate of nutrients in reservoirs and its implications on water quality, in a subtropical region. With focus on the relevance of different density current patterns. For that, analyses combining field measurements and numerical simulations were performed in a medium to small size subtropical drinking water reservoir for a complete seasonal cycle. Measurements were conducted combining several approaches: traditional sampling, sensors in high temporal and spatial resolution, and remote sensing. Besides, hydrodynamic models were set up and calibrated to reproduce observations, and to simulate scenarios that assisted on the analysis.
Results showed that different flow paths of density currents did not influence on phytoplankton dynamics. At the regions where the main nutrient supply was the river inflow (upstream), the density currents did not vary, the euphotic zone usually covered the entire depth, and vertical mixing was observed on a daily basis, turning the flow path of the density currents irrelevant. At downstream regions, the remobilization of nutrients in the sediment was the main source for primary production. Even though density currents had a seasonal pattern in the downstream region, thermal stratification conditions were the driver for variations in chlorophyll-a concentrations, with peaks after vertical mixing. This mechanism had in its favor the frequent anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion that enhanced the dissolution of reactive phosphorus from the sediment. Anoxic conditions were easily reached because the sediment in the downstream area was rich in organic matter. Phytoplankton produced in the upstream area was transported by the density currents, and for this reason, large concentrations of chl-a was observed below the euphotic zone. Further, the extensive measurements of temperature, and flow velocities, together with the hydrodynamic models, provided insights about the hydrodynamics of reservoirs. For instance, that the relevant processes occurred along the longitudinal, and mixing conditions varied along it. The relevance of inflow conditions regarding the presence of structures such as forebays and pre-dams, and the degree of stream shading in the catchment was assessed. And turbulence and internal waves had different features than the documented for high latitudes. Those findings can assist on the management of reservoirs, based on the comprehension of the physical processes.
Background: For over a century, scientists have studied host-pathogen interactions between the crayfish plague disease agent Aphanomyces astaci and freshwater crayfish. It has been hypothesised that North American crayfish hosts are disease-resistant due to the long-lasting coevolution with the pathogen. Similarly, the increasing number of latent infections reported in the historically sensitive European crayfish hosts seems to indicate that similar coevolutionary processes are occurring between European crayfish and A. astaci. Our current understanding of these host-pathogen interactions is largely focused on the innate immunity processes in the crayfish haemolymph and cuticle, but the molecular basis of the observed disease-resistance and susceptibility remain unclear. To understand how coevolution is shaping the host’s molecular response to the pathogen, susceptible native European noble crayfish and invasive disease-resistant marbled crayfish were challenged with two A. astaci strains of different origin: a haplogroup A strain (introduced to Europe at least 50 years ago, low virulence) and a haplogroup B strain (signal crayfish in lake Tahoe, USA, high virulence). Here, we compare the gene expression profiles of the hepatopancreas, an integrated organ of crayfish immunity and metabolism.
Results: We characterised several novel innate immune-related gene groups in both crayfish spe cies. Across allchallenge groups, we detected 412 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the noble crayfish, and 257 DEGs in the marbled crayfish. In the noble crayfish, a clear immune response was detected to the haplogroup B strain, but not to the haplogroup A strain. In contrast, in the marbled crayfish we detected an immune response to the haplogroup A strain, but not to the haplogroup B strain. Conclusions: We highlight the hepatopancreas as an important hub for the synthesis of immune molecules in the response to A. astaci. A clear distinction between the innate immune response in the marbled crayfish and the noble crayfish is the capability of the marbled crayfish to mobilise a higher variety of innate immune response effectors.
The use of agricultural plastic covers has become common practice for its agronomic benefits such as improving yields and crop quality, managing harvest times better, and increasing pesticide and water use efficiency. However, plastic covers are suspected of partially breaking down into smaller debris and thereby contributing to soil pollution with microplastics. A better understanding of the sources and fate of plastic debris in terrestrial systems has so far been hindered by the lack of adequate analytical techniques for the mass-based and polymer-selective quantification of plastic debris in soil. The aim of this dissertation was thus to assess, develop, and validate thermoanalytical methods for the mass-based quantification of relevant polymers in and around agricultural fields previously covered with fleeces, perforated foils, and plastic mulches. Thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry (TGA/MS) enabled direct plastic analyses of 50 mg of soil without any sample preparation. With polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as a preliminary model, the method limit of detection (LOD) was 0.7 g kg−1. But the missing chromatographic separation complicated the quantification of polymer mixtures. Therefore, a pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) method was developed that additionally exploited the selective solubility of polymers in specific solvents prior to analysis. By dissolving polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) in a mixture of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and p-xylene after density separation, up to 50 g soil became amenable to routine plastic analysis. Method LODs were 0.7–3.3 mg kg−1, and the recovery of 20 mg kg−1 PE, PP, and PS from a reference loamy sand was 86–105%. In the reference silty clay, however, poor PS recoveries, potentially induced by the additional separation step, suggested a qualitative evaluation of PS. Yet, the new solvent-based Py-GC/MS method enabled a first exploratory screening of plastic-covered soil. It revealed PE, PP, and PS contents above LOD in six of eight fields (6% of all samples). In three fields, PE levels of 3–35 mg kg−1 were associated with the use of 40 μm thin perforated foils. By contrast, 50 μm PE films were not shown to induce plastic levels above LOD. PP and PS contents of 5–19 mg kg−1 were restricted to single observations in four fields and potentially originated from littering. The results suggest that the short-term use of thicker and more durable plastic covers should be preferred to limit plastic emissions and accumulation in soil. By providing mass-based information on the distribution of the three most common plastics in agricultural soil, this work may facilitate comparisons with modeling and effect data and thus contribute to a better risk assessment and regulation of plastics. However, the fate of plastic debris in the terrestrial environment remains incompletely understood and needs to be scrutinized in future, more systematic research. This should include the study of aging processes, the interaction of plastics with other organic and inorganic compounds, and the environmental impact of biodegradable plastics and nanoplastics.
Softwaresprachen und Technologien zu verstehen, die bei der Entwicklung einer Software verwendet werden, ist eine alltägliche Herausforderung für Software Engineers. Textbasierte Dokumentationen und Codebeispiele sind typische Hilfsmittel, die zu einem besseren Verständnis führen sollen. In dieser Dissertation werden verschiedene Forschungsansätze beschrieben, wie existierende Textpassagen und Codebeispiele identifiziert und miteinander verbunden werden können. Die Entdeckung solcher bereits existierender Ressourcen soll dabei helfen Softwaresprachen und Technologien auf einem konzeptionellen Level zu verstehen und zu vergleichen. Die Forschungsbeiträge fokussieren sich auf die folgenden Fragen, die später präzisiert werden. Welche existierenden Ressourcen lassen sich systematisch identifizieren, um strukturiertes Wissen zu extrahieren? Wie lassen sich die Ressourcen extrahieren? Welches Vokabular wird bereits in der Literatur verwendet, um konzeptionelles Wissen zur Struktur und Verwendung einer Software auszudrücken? Wie lassen sich Beiträge auf Wikipedia wiederverwenden? Wie können Codebeispiele zur Verwendung von ausgewählten Technologien auf GitHub gefunden werden? Wie kann ein Modell, welches Technologieverwendung repräsentiert, reproduzierbar konstruiert werden? Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen werden qualitative Forschungsmethoden verwendet, wie zum Beispiel Literaturstudien. Des Weiteren werden Methoden entwickelt und
evaluiert, um relevante Artikel auf Wikipedia, relevante Textpassagen in der Literatur und Codebeispiele auf GitHub zu verlinken. Die theoretischen Beiträge werden in Fallstudien evaluiert. Die folgenden wissenschaftlichen Beiträge werden dabei erzielt: i.) Eine Referenzsemantik zur Formalisierung von Typen und Relationen in einer sprachfokussierten Beschreibung von Software; ii.) Ein Korpus bestehend aus Wikipedia Artikeln zu einzelnen Softwaresprachen; iii) Ein Katalog mit textuell beschriebenen Verwendungsmustern einer Technologie zusammen mit Messergebnissen zu deren Frequenz auf GitHub; iv.) Technologiemodelle, welche sowohl mit verschiedenen existierenden Codebeispielen als auch mit Textpassagen verknüpft sind.
The Coronavirus Pandemic has influenced the lives of many people. We analyzed the effects of physical activity and stress on students’ motivation during the Pandemic. Participants were 254 university students who reported their academic motivation, physical activity, general stress, the Coronavirus Pandemic strain, and their Coronavirus stress. Women reported higher levels of Coronavirus stress, general stress, and motivation. The Coronavirus stress was predicted by the strain of the Coronavirus Pandemic but not by physical activity. General stress and gender predicted mastery goals, and performance goals were predicted by general stress. Physical activity was not related to students’ motivation during the Pandemic. Higher levels of general stress were associated with higher academic motivation. Negative emotions like stress could have enhanced students’ motivation during uncertain times of the Pandemic. Moreover, a moderate stress level could be favorable for academic dedication and achievement.
To render the surface of a material capable of withstanding mechanical and electrochemical loads, and to perform well in service, the deposition of a thin film or coating is a solution. In this project, such a thin film deposition is carried out. The coating material chosen is titanium nitride (TiN) which is a ceramic material known to possess a high hardness (>10 GPa) as well as good corrosion resistance. The method of deposition selected is high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) that results in coatings with high quality and enhanced properties. Sputtering is a physical process that represents the removal or dislodgment of surface atoms by energetic particle bombardment. The term magnetron indicates that a magnetic field is utilized to increase the efficiency of the sputtering process. In HiPIMS, a high power is applied in pulses of low duty cycles to a cathode that is sputtered and that consists of the coating material. As result of the high power, the ionization of the sputtered material takes place giving the possibility to control these species with electric and magnetic field allowing thereby the improvement and tuning of coating properties. However, the drawback of HiPIMS is a low deposition rate.
In this project, it is demonstrated first that it is possible to deposit TiN coating using HiPIMS with an optimized deposition rate, by varying the magnetic field strength. It was found that low magnetic field strength (here 22mT) results in a deposition rate similar to that of conventional magnetron sputtering in which the average power is applied continuously, called also direct current magnetron sputtering (dcMS). The high deposition rate at low magnetic field strength was attributed to a reduction in the back attraction probability of the sputtered species. The magnetic field strength did not show noticeable influence on the mechanical properties. The proposed explanation was that the considered peak current density interval 1.22-1.72 A∙cm-2 does not exhibit dramatic changes in the plasma dynamics.
In a second part, using the optimized deposition rate, the optimized chemical composition of TiN was determined. It was shown that the chemical composition of TiN does not significantly influence the corrosion performance but impacts considerably the mechanical properties. It was also shown that the corrosion resistance of the coatings deposited using HiPIMS was higher than that of the coatings deposited using dcMS.
The third study was the effect of annealing post deposition on the properties of TiN coating deposited using HiPIMS. The hardness of the coatings showed a maximum at 400°C reaching 24.8 GPa. Above 400°C however, a lowering of the hardness was measured and was due to the oxidation of TiN which led to the formation of TiN-TiO2 composites with lower mechanical properties.
The coating microscopic properties such as crystal orientation, residual stresses, average grain size were determined from X-ray diffraction data and the roughness was measured using atomic force microscopy. These properties were found to vary with the magnetic field strength, the chemical composition as well as the annealing temperature.