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Das Internet der Dinge (IoT) ist ein Konzept, bestehend aus vernetzten physischen Objekten, welche in die virtuelle Welt integriert werden um aktive Teilnehmer von Geschäfts- und Alltagsprozessen zu werden (Uckelmann, Harrison and Michahelles, 2011; Shrouf, Ordieres and Miragliotta, 2014). Es wird erwartet, dass dieses Konzept einen großen Einfluss auf Unternehmen haben wird (Council, Nic and Intelligence, 2008). Geschäftsmodelle kleiner und mittelständischer Unternehmen (KMU) sind bedroht, sollten sie den sich abzeichnenden Trend nutzen (Sommer, 2015). Daher ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit, eine exemplarische Implementierung von vernetzten Geräten in einem kleinen Unternehmen um seine Vorteile darzustellen.
Diese Arbeit verwendet Design Science Research (DSR) um einen Prototyp zu entwickeln, der auf dem Anwendungsfall einer Holzwerkstatt aufbaut. Der Prototyp besteht aus einem physischen Sensor und einer Webapplikation, welche von dem kleinen Unternehmen zur Verbesserung seiner Prozesse genutzt werden kann. Die Arbeit dokumentiert den iterativen Entwicklungsprozess der Prototypen von Grund auf zu nutzbarer Hard- und Software.
Der Hauptbeitrag dieser Arbeit ist die beispielhafte Anwendung und Nutzung von IoT in einem kleinen Unternehmen.
Agricultural land-use may lead to brief pulse exposures of pesticides in edge-of-field streams, potentially resulting in adverse effects on aquatic macrophytes, invertebrates and ecosystem functions. The higher tier risk assessment is mainly based on pond mesocosms which are not designed to mimic stream-typical conditions. Relatively little is known on exposure and effect assessment using stream mesocosms.
Thus the present thesis evaluates the appliacability of the stream mesocosms to mimic stream-typical pulse exposures, to assess resulting effects on flora and fauna and to evaluate aquatic-terrestrial food web coupling. The first objective was to mimic stream-typical pulse exposure scenarios with different durations (≤ 1 to ≥ 24 hours). These exposure scenarios established using a fluorescence tracer were the methodological basis for the effect assessment of an herbicide and an insecticide. In order to evaluate the applicability of stream mesocosms for regulatory purposes, the second objective was to assess effects on two aquatic macrophytes following a 24-h pulse exposure with the herbicide iofensulfuron-sodium (1, 3, 10 and 30 µg/L; n = 3). Growth inhibition of up to 66 and 45% was observed for the total shoot length of Myriophyllum spicatum and Elodea canadensis, respectively. Recovery of this endpoint could be demonstrated within 42 days for both macrophytes. The third objective was to assess effects on structural and functional endpoints following a 6-h pulse exposure of the pyrethroid ether etofenprox (0.05, 0.5 and 5 µg/L; n = 4). The most sensitive structural (abundance of Cloeon simile) and functional (feeding rates of Asellus aquaticus) endpoint revealed significant effects at 0.05 µg/L etofenprox. This concentration was below field-measured etofenprox concentrations and thus suggests that pulse exposures adversely affect invertebrate populations and ecosystem functions in streams. Such pollutions of streams may also result in decreased emergence of aquatic insects and potentially lead to an insect-mediated transfer of pollutants to adjacent food webs. Test systems capable to assess aquatic-terrestrial effects are not yet integrated in mesocosm approaches but might be of interest for substances with bioaccumulation potential. Here, the fourth part provides an aquatic-terrestrial model ecosystem capable to assess cross-ecosystem effects. Information on the riparian food web such as the contribution of aquatic (up to 71%) and terrestrial (up to 29%) insect prey to the diet of the riparian spider Tetragnatha extensa was assessed via stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N). Thus, the present thesis provides the methodological basis to assess aquatic-terrestrial pollutant transfer and effects on the riparian food web.
Overall the results of this thesis indicate, that stream mesocosms can be used to mimic stream-typical pulse exposures of pesticides, to assess resulting effects on macrophytes and invertebrates within prospective environmental risk assessment (ERA) and to evaluate changes in riparian food webs.
The work presented in this thesis investigated interactions of selected biophysical processes that affect zooplankton ecology at smaller scales. In this endeavour, the extent of changes in swimming behaviour and fluid disturbances produced by swimming Daphnia in response to changing physical environments were quantified. In the first research question addressed within this context, size and energetics of hydrodynamic trails produced by Daphnia swimming in non-stratified still waters were characterized and quantified as a function of organisms’ size and their swimming patterns.
The results revealed that neither size nor the swimming pattern of Daphnia affects the width of induced trails or dissipation rates. Nevertheless, as the size and swimming velocity of the organisms increased, trail volume increased in proportional to the cubic power of Reynolds number, and the biggest trail volume was about 500 times the body volume of the largest daphnids. Larger spatial extent of fluid perturbation and prolonged period to decay caused by bigger trail volumes would play a significant role in zooplankton ecology, e.g. increasing the risk of predation.
The study also found that increased trail volume brought about significantly enhanced total dissipated power at higher Reynolds number, and the magnitudes of total dissipated power observed varied in the range of (1.3-10)X10-9 W.
Furthermore, this study provided strong evidence that swimming speed of Daphnia and total dissipated power in Daphnia trails exceeded those of some other selected zooplankton species.
In recognizing turbulence as an intrinsic environmental perturbation in aquatic habitats, this thesis also examined the response of Daphnia to a range of turbulence flows, which correspond to turbu-lence levels that zooplankton generally encounter in their habitats. Results indicated that within the range of turbulent intensities to which the Daphnia are likely to be exposed in their natural habitats, increasing turbulence compelled the organisms to enhance their swimming activity and swim-ming speed. However, as the turbulence increased to extremely high values (10-4 m2s-3), Daphnia began to withdraw from their active swimming behaviour. Findings of this work also demonstrated that the threshold level of turbulence at which animals start to alleviate from largely active swimming is about 10-6 m2s-3. The study further illustrated that during the intermediate range of turbu-lence; 10-7 - 10-6 m2s-3, kinetic energy dissipation rates in the vicinity of the organisms is consistently one order of magnitude higher than that of the background turbulent flow.
Swarming, a common conspicuous behavioural trait observed in many zooplankton species, is considered to play a significant role in defining freshwater ecology of their habitats from food exploitation, mate encountering to avoiding predators through hydrodynamic flow structures produced by them, therefore, this thesis also investigated implications of Daphnia swarms at varied abundance & swarm densities on their swimming kinematics and induced flow field.
The results showed that Daphnia aggregated in swarms with swarm densities of (1.1-2.3)x103 L-1, which exceeded the abundance densities by two orders of magnitude (i.e. 1.7 - 6.7 L-1). The estimated swarm volume decreased from 52 cm3 to 6.5 cm3, and the mean neighbouring distance dropped from 9.9 to 6.4 body lengths. The findings of this work also showed that mean swimming trajectories were primarily horizontal concentric circles around the light source. Mean flow speeds found to be one order of magnitude lower than the corresponding swimming speeds of Daphnia. Furthermore, this study provided evidences that the flow fields produced by swarming Daphnia differed considerably between unidirectional vortex swarming and bidirectional swimming at low and high abundances respectively.
Increasingly, problematic smartphone use behavior (PSU) and excessive consumption are reported. In this study, an experiment was developed to investigate the influence of screen coloration using the grayscale setting on smartphone usage time in repeated measurements. We also investigated how individuals perceived suffering correlates with smartphone usage time and PSU, and whether differences exist by smartphone usage type (social, process, habitual). 240 subjects completed a questionnaire about smartphone usage time, PSU, perceived suffering, and smartphone usage types. Afterward, their smartphones were switched to grayscale setting for at least 24h, and thereafter 92 of these participants completed the second questionnaire. Analyses showed that grayscale setting decreases usage time and that there is a positive correlation between PSU, smartphone usage duration, and perceived suffering. The types of use (process and habitual) influence one’s perceived suffering. Thus, it shows that individuals are aware of their PSU and suffer from it. Using grayscale setting is effective in reducing smartphone use time.
Über 10.000 verschiedene organische Substanzen wie Arzneistoffe, Inhaltsstoffe von Körperpflegemitteln und Biozide werden regelmäßig im Alltag eingesetzt. Die meisten Substanzen gelangen nach ihrer Verwendung in das häusliche Abwasser. Bisherige wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen haben ergeben, dass eine konventionelle biologische Abwasserreinigung in kommunalen Kläranlagen keine ausreichende Barriere für die Emission dieser anthropogenen Stoffe in die Oberflächengewässer darstellt.
Dies birgt unvorhersehbare Risiken für die aquatischen Lebensgemeinschaften und die Trinkwasserversorgung. Hinsichtlich ihres Vorkommens und Verhaltens in kommunalen Kläranlagen besteht daher insbesondere für erst kürzlich eingeführte und/oder in der Umwelt nachgewiesene Spurenstoffe (sogenannte "neuartige" Spurenstoffe, engl.: "emerging micropollutants") ein großer Forschungsbedarf. Um ein möglichst umfassendes Bild vom Verhalten neuartiger organischer Spurenstoffe in der kommunalen Abwasserbehandlung zu erhalten, wurden im Rahmen dieser Dissertation die folgenden Substanzklassen, welche ein weites Spektrum an physiko-chemischen Eigenschaften aufweisen, untersucht: Arzneistoffe (Betablocker und psychoaktive Substanzen), UV-Filtersubstanzen, Vulkanisationsbeschleuniger (Benzothiazole), Biozide (Antischuppenmittel, Konservierungsmittel, Desinfektionsmittel) und Pestizide (Phenylharnstoff- und Triazinherbizide).
Generalized methods for automated theorem proving can be used to compute formula transformations such as projection elimination and knowledge compilation. We present a framework based on clausal tableaux suited for such tasks. These tableaux are characterized independently of particular construction methods, but important features of empirically successful methods are taken into account, especially dependency directed backjumping and branch local operation. As an instance of that framework an adaption of DPLL is described. We show that knowledge compilation methods can be essentially improved by weaving projection elimination partially into the compilation phase.
The decline of biodiversity can be observed worldwide and its consequences are alarming. It is therefore crucial that nature must be protected and, where possible, restored. A wide variety of different project options are possible. Yet in the context of limited availability of resources, the selection of the most efficient measures is increasingly important. For this purpose, there is still a lack of information. This pertains, as outlined in the next paragraph, in particular, to information at different scales of projects.
Firstly, there is a lack of information on the concrete added value of biodiversity protection projects. Secondly, there is a lack of information on the actual impacts of such projects and on the costs and benefits associated with a project. Finally, there is a lack of information on the links between the design of a project, the associated framework conditions and the perception of specific impacts. This paper addresses this knowledge gap by providing more information on the three scales by means of three empirical studies on three different biodiversity protection projects in order to help optimize future projects.
The first study “Assessing the trade-offs in more nature-friendly mosquito control in the Upper Rhine region” examines the added value of a more nature-friendly mosquito control in the Upper Rhine Valley of Germany using a contingent valuation method. Recent studies show that the widely used biocide Bti, which is used as the main mosquito control agent in many parts of the world, has more negative effects on nature than previously expected. However, it is not yet clear whether the population supports a more nature-friendly mosquito control, as such an adaptation could potentially lead to higher nuisance. This study attempts to answer this question by assessing the willingness to pay for an adapted mosquito control strategy that reduces the use of Bti, while maintaining nuisance protection within settlements. The results show that the majority of the surveyed population attaches a high value to a more nature-friendly mosquito control and is willing to accept a higher nuisance outside of the villages.
The second study “Inner city river restoration projects: the role of project components for acceptance” examines the acceptance of a river restoration project in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Despite much effort, many rivers worldwide are still in poor condition. Therefore, a rapid implementation of river restoration projects is of great importance. In this context, acceptance by society plays a fundamental role, however, the factors determining such acceptance are still poorly understood. In particular, the complex interplay between the acceptance or rejection of specific project components and the acceptance of the overall project require further exploration. This study addresses this knowledge gap by assessing the acceptance of the project, its various ecological and social components, and the perception of real and fictitious costs as well as the benefits of the components. Our findings demonstrate that while acceptance of the overall project is generally rather high, many respondents reject one or more of the project's components. Complementary social project components, like a playground, find less support than purely ecological components. Overall, our research shows that complementary components may increase or decrease acceptance of the overall project. We, furthermore, found that differences in the acceptance of the individual components depend on individual concerns, such as perceived flood risk, construction costs, expected noise and littering as well as the quality of communication, attachment to the site, and the age of the respondents.
The third study “What determines preferences for semi-natural habitats in agrarian landscapes? A choice-modelling approach across two countries using attributes characterizing vegetation” investigates people's aesthetic preferences for semi-natural habitats in agricultural landscapes. The EU-Common Agricultural Policy promotes the introduction of woody and grassy semi-natural habitats (SNH) in agricultural landscapes. While the benefits of these structures in terms of regulating ecosystem services are already well understood, the effects of SNH on visual landscape quality is still not clear. This study investigates the factors determining people’s visual preferences in the context of grassy and woody SNH elements in Swiss and Hungarian landscapes using picture-based choice experiments. The results suggest that respondents’ choices strongly depend on specific vegetation characteristics that appear and disappear over the year. In particular, flowers as a source of colours and green vegetation as well as ordered structure and the proportion of uncovered soil in the picture play an important role regarding respondents’ aesthetic perceptions of the pictures.
The three empirical studies can help to make future projects in the study areas of biodiversity protection more efficient. While this thesis highlights the importance of exploring biodiversity protection projects at different scales, further analyses of the different scales of biodiversity protection projects are needed to provide a sound basis to develop guidance on identifying the most efficient biodiversity protection projects.
Thousands of chemicals from daily use are being discharged from civilization into the water cycle via different pathways. Ingredients of personal care products, detergents, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals thus find their way into the aquatic ecosystems and may cause adverse impacts on the ecology. Pharmaceuticals for instance, represent a central group of anthropogenic chemicals, because of their designed potency to interfere with physiological functions in organisms. Ecotoxicological effects from pharmaceutical burden have been verified in the past. Therapeutic groups with pronounced endocrine disrupting potentials such as steroid hormones gain increasing focus in environmental research as it was reported that they cause endocrine disruption in aquatic organisms even when exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations. This thesis considers the comprehensive investigation of the occurrence of corticosteroids and progestogens in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and surface waters as well as the elucidation of the fate and biodegradability of these steroid families during activated sludge treatment. For the first goal of the thesis, a robust and highly sensitive analytical method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed in order to simultaneously determine the occurrence of around 60 mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and progestogens in the aquatic environment. A special focus was set to the compound selection due to the diversity of marketed synthetic steroids. Some analytical challenges have been approved by individual approaches regarding sensitivity enhancement and compound stabilities. These results may be important for further research in environmental analysis of steroid hormones. Reliable and low quantification limits are the perquisite for the determination of corticosteroids and progestogens at relevant concentrations due to low consumption volumes and simultaneously low effect-based trigger values. Achieved quantification limits for all target analytes ranged between 0.02 ng/L and 0.5 ng/L in surface water and 0.05 ng/L to 5 ng/L in WWTP effluents. This sensitivity enabled the detection of three mineralocorticoids, 23 glucocorticoids and 10 progestogens within the sampling campaign around Germany. Many of them were detected for the first time in the environment, particularly in Germany and the EU. To the best of our knowledge, this in-depth steroid screening provided a good overview of single steroid burden and allowed for the identification of predominantly steroids of each steroid
type analyzed for the first time. The frequent detection of highly potent synthetic steroids (e.g. triamcinolone acetonide, clobetasol propionate, betamethasone valerate, dienogest, cyproterone acetate) highlighted insufficient removal during conventional Summary wastewater treatment and indicated the need for regulation to control their emission since the steroid concentrations were found to be above the reported effect-based trigger values for biota. Overall, the study revealed reliable environmental data of poorly or even not analyzed steroids. The results complement the existing knowledge in this field but also providednew information which can beused particularly for compound prioritization in ecotoxicological research and environmental analysis. Based on the data obtained from the monitoring campaign, incubation experiments were conducted to enable the comparison of the biodegradability and transformation processes in activated sludge treatment for structure-related steroids under aerobic and standardized experimental conditions. The compounds were accurately selected to cover manifold structural moieties of commonly used glucocorticoids, including non-halogenated and halogenated steroids, their mono- and diesters, and several acetonide-type steroids. This approach allowed for a structure-based interpretation of the results. The obtained biodegradation rate constants suggested large variations in the biodegradability (half-lifes ranged from < 0.5 h to > 14 d). An increasing stability was identified in the order from non-halogenated steroids (e.g. hydrocortisone), over 9α-halogenated steroids (e.g. betamethasone), to C17-monoesters (e.g. betamethasone 17-valerate, clobetasol propionate), and finally to acetonides (e.g. triamcinolone acetonide), thus suggesting a strong relationship of the biodegradability with the glucocorticoid structure. Some explanations for this behavior have been received by identifying the transformation products (TPs) and elucidating individual transformation pathways. The results revealed the identification of the likelihood of transformation reactions depending on the chemical steroid structure for the first time. Among the identified TPs, the carboxylates (e.g. TPs of fluticasone propionate, triamcinolone acetonide) have been shown persistency in the subsequent incubation experiments. The newly identified TPs furthermore were frequently detected in the effluents of full-scale wastewater treatment plants. These findings emphasized i) the transferability of the lab-scale degradation experiments to real world and that ii) insufficient removals may cause adverse effects in the aquatic environment due to the ability of the precursor steroids and TPs to interact with the endocrine system in biota. For the last goal, the conceptual study for glucocorticoids was applied to progestogens.
Here, two sub-types of the steroid family frequently used for hormonal contraception were selected (17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 19-norstestosterone type). The progestogens showed a fast and complete degradation within six hours, and thus empathizes pronounced biodegradability. However, cyproterone acetate and dienogest Summary have been found to be more recalcitrant in activated sludge treatment. This was consistent with their ubiquitously occurrence during the previous monitoring campaign. The elucidation of TPs again revealed some crucial information regarding the observed behavior and highlighted furthermore the formation of hazardous TPs. It was shown that 19-nortestosterone type steroids are able to undergo aromatization at ring A in contact with activated sludge, leading to the formation of estrogen-like TPs with a phenolic moiety at ring A. In the case of norethisterone the formation of 17α-ethinylestradiol was confirmed, which is a well-known potent synthetic estrogen with elevated ecotoxicological potency. Thus, the results indicated for the very first time an unknown source of estrogenic compounds, particularly for 17α-ethinylestradiol. In conclusion, some steroids were found to be very stable in activated sludge treatment, others degrade well, and others which do degrade but predominantly to active TPs depending on their chemical structure. Fluorinated acetal steroids such as triamcinolone acetonide and fluocinolone acetonide are poorly biodegradable, which is reflected in high concentrations detected ubiquitously in WWTP effluents. Endogenous steroids and their most related synthetic once such as hydrocortisone, prednisolone or 17α-hydroxyprogesterone are readily biodegradable. Regardless their high influent concentrations, they are almost completely removed in conventional WWTPs. Steroids between this range have been found to form elevated quantities of TPs which are partially still active, which particularly the case for betamethasone, fluticasone propionate, cyproterone acetate or dienogest. The thesis illustrates the need for an extensive evaluation of the environmental risks and carried out that corticosteroids and progestogens merit more attention in environmental regulatory and research than it is currently the case
Instructor feedback on written assignments is one of the most important elements in the writing process, especially for students writing in English as a foreign language. However, students are often critical of both the amount and quality of the feedback they receive. In order to better understand what makes feedback effective, this study explored the nature of students’ assessments of the educational alliance, and how their receptivity to, perceptions of, and decisions about using their instructors’ feedback differed depending on how strong they believed the educational alliance to be. This exploratory case study found that students not only assessed the quality of the educational alliance based on goal compatibility, task relevance, and teacher effectiveness, but that there was also a reciprocal relationship between these elements. Furthermore, students’ perceptions of the educational alliance directly influenced how they perceived the feedback, which made the instructor’s choice of feedback method largely irrelevant. Stronger educational alliances resulted in higher instances of critical engagement, intrinsic motivation, and feelings of self-efficacy. The multidirectional influence of goal, task, and bond mean that instructors who want to maximize their feedback efforts need to attend to all three.
Die heutige Landwirtschaft ist in hohem Maße auf den Einsatz von Pestiziden angewiesen, um verschiedene Schädlinge zu bekämpfen und die Ernteerträge zu maximieren. Trotz detaillierter Vorschriften für den Einsatz von Pestiziden, die auf einem komplexen System der Risikobewertung beruhen, hat sich gezeigt, dass der weit verbreitete Einsatz dieser biologisch aktiven Substanzen eine Gefahr für die Umwelt darstellt. In Oberflächengewässern wurde beobachtet, dass die Pestizidbelastung die als noch umweltverträglich angesehenen Konzentrationen übersteigt und sich negativ auf die Ökologie der Fließgewässer auswirkt, was die Frage aufwirft, ob die derzeitige Risikobewertung einen nachhaltigen Einsatz von Pestiziden gewährleistet. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, hat das umfassende "Kleingewässer-Monitoring" (KgM) in den Jahren 2018 und 2019 das Vorkommen von Pestiziden und die damit verbundenen ökologischen Auswirkungen in 124 Fließgewässern in ganz Deutschland untersucht.
Basierend auf fünf wissenschaftlichen Publikationen, die aus dem KgM hervorgegangen sind, werden in dieser Arbeit die Pestizidbelastung in Fließgewässern, die ökologischen Auswirkungen und die regulatorischen Implikationen bewertet. Mehr als 1000 Wasserproben wurden auf über 100 Pestizid-Analyten untersucht, um das Vorkommen zu charakterisieren (Publikation 1). Die gemessenen Konzentrationen und Auswirkungen wurden zur Validierung der in der Risikobewertung vorhergesagten Umweltkonzentrationen und Wirkungschwellen verwendet (Veröffentlichung 2). Durch die gemeinsame Analyse von realen Pestizidanwendungsdaten und gemessenen Pestizidmischungen in Fließgewässern wurde die Missachtung von Pestizidmischungen in der Umwelt in der Risikobewertung beurteilt (Veröffentlichung 3). Das Risikopotenzial von Mischungen in Fließgewässern wurde zusätzlich mit Hilfe eines Verdachtsscreenings für 395 Chemikalien und einer Batterie von In-vitro-Bioassays untersucht (Publikation 4). Schließlich wurden die Ergebnisse des KgM verwendet, um die Eignung staatlicher Monitoringprogramme zur Identifizierung von Pestizidrisiken in Oberflächengewässern zu bewerten (Publikation 5).
Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen das weit verbreitete Vorkommen von Pestiziden in den Nichtzielökosystemen der Fließgewässer. Die Wasserproben wiesen eine Vielzahl von Pestiziden auf, die in komplexen Mischungen vor allem in kurzzeitigen Spitzenwerten nach Niederschlagsereignissen auftraten (Veröffentlichungen 1 & 4). Die jeweiligen Höchstwerte der Pestizidkonzentration wurden mit dem Rückgang empfindlicher Wirbellosenarten in Verbindung gebracht und überstiegen in etwa 80 % der landwirtschaftlich geprägten Fließgewässer die gesetzlich zulässigen Konzentrationen, welche als Schwellenwerte zum Teil noch als unzureichend für den Schutz der Wirbellosengemeinschaft angesehen wurden (Publikation 2). Das gleichzeitige Vorkommen von Pestiziden in Fließgewässern führte zu einem Risiko, das in der auf eine einzelne Substanzen ausgerichteten Risikobewertung in realistischen Worst-Case-Szenarien um einen Faktor von etwa 3,2 unterschätzt wurde. Dies wird durch die hohe Häufigkeit, mit der Nichtzielorganismen den Pestiziden ausgesetzt sind, weiter verstärkt (Veröffentlichung 3). Wasserproben, die nach Regenfällen entnommen wurden, verursachten in den Bioassays deutliche Effekte, die nur zu einem geringen Teil durch die vielen detektierten Analyten erklärbar waren, was auf die Relevanz unbekannter chemischer oder biologischer Mischungskomponenten hinweist (Publikation 4). Schließlich wurde festgestellt, dass die behördliche Überwachung von Oberflächengewässern gemäß der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie (WRRL) die Risiken von Pestiziden erheblich unterschätzt, da hier etwa drei Viertel der kritischen Pestizide und mehr als die Hälfte der gefährdeten Gewässer übersehen worden wären (Veröffentlichung 5).
Im Wesentlichen liefert diese Arbeit eine neue Ebene der Validierung der Risikobewertung von Pestiziden in aquatischen Ökosystemen, indem das Auftreten von Pestiziden und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt in einem bisher einzigartigen Maßstab bewertet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen generell, dass der derzeitige landwirtschaftliche Einsatz von Pestiziden zu erheblichen Auswirkungen auf die Fließgewässerökologie führt, die über das von der Risikobewertung tolerierte Maß hinausgehen. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Unterschätzung der Pestizidexposition, die potenzielle Unzulänglichkeit der gesetzlichen Schwellenwerte und die allgemeine Trägheit des Zulassungsverfahrens als Hauptursachen dafür ermittelt, dass entsprechende gesetzlich verankerte, ökologische Zielsetzungen momentan erwiesenermaßen nicht erreicht werden. Um einen nachhaltigen Einsatz von Pestiziden zu gewährleisten, schlägt die Arbeit wesentliche Änderungen der Risikobewertung vor. Monitoringprogramme wie das KgM, die über die derzeitigen staatlichen Überwachungsbemühungen hinausgehen, werden weiterhin erforderlich sein, um die Regulierungsbehörden für Pestizide ständig über die Gültigkeit ihrer prospektiven Risikobewertung zu informieren, die immer mit Unsicherheiten behaftet sein wird.
To construct a business process model manually is a highly complex and error-prone task which takes a lot of time and deep insights into the organizational structure, its operations and business rules. To improve the output of business analysts dealing with this process, different techniques have been introduced by researchers to support them during construction with helpful recommendations. These supporting recommendation systems vary in their way of what to recommend in the first place as well as their calculations taking place under the hood to recommend the most fitting element to the user. After a broad introduction into the field of business process modeling and its basic recommendation structures, this work will take a closer look at diverse proposals and descriptions published in current literature regarding implementation strategies to effectively and efficiently assist modelers during their business process model creation. A critical analysis of presentations in the selected literature will point out strengths and weaknesses of their approaches, studies and descriptions of those. As a result, the final concept matrix in this work will give a precise and helpful overview about the key features and recommendation methods used and implemented in previous research studies to pinpoint an entry into future works without the downsides already spotted by fellow researchers.
The thesis develops and evaluates a hypothetical model of the factors that influence user acceptance of weblog technology. Previous acceptance studies are reviewed, and the various models employed are discussed. The eventual model is based on the technology acceptance model (TAM) by Davis et al. It conceptualizes and operationalizes a quantitative survey conducted by means of an online questionnaire, strictly from a user perspective. Finally, it is tested and validated by applying methods of data analysis.
In einem Großteil der Welt wird Grundwasser für die Versorgung von Siedlungen und Agrarflächen genutzt. Organismen, die im Grundwasser leben, erfüllen wichtige Funktionen im Ökosystem und haben positiven Einfluss auf die Grundwasserqualität. Um das Risiko negativer Effekte auf diese wertvollen Ökosysteme zu minimieren muss die entsprechende Sanierungsmethode, im Falle einer Grundwasserbehandlung, mit Vorsicht gewählt werden. In der vorliegenden Thesis wurde das Umweltrisiko von Carbo-Iron untersucht, ein Komposit aus nanoskaligem null-valentem Eisen und Aktivkohle zur in situ-Behandlung von Grundwasser. Des Weiteren wurde eine umfassende Beurteilung des Umweltrisikos und des Nutzens einer Grundwasserbehandlung mit Carbo-Iron durchgeführt.
Zu Beginn der Arbeit an der vorliegenden Thesis existierten noch keine Empfehlungen für Untersuchung der Ökotoxizität von Nanomaterialien. Daher bestanden viele Unsicherheiten hinsichtlich geeigneter Methoden. Im Rahmen dieser Thesis wurde eine Entscheidungshilfe entwickelt, um bei der ökotoxikologischen Untersuchung von Nanomaterialien systematisch geeignete methodische Schritte auszuwählen.
Mögliche Effekte von Carbo-Iron wurden in Tests mit embryonalen, juvenilen und adulten Lebensstadien des Zebrabärblings (Danio rerio) und juvenilen und adulten Amphipoden (Hyalella azteca) untersucht. Die gewählten Testsysteme basierten auf existierenden Testmethoden der OECD und EPA zur ökotoxikologischen Untersuchung von Chemikalien (OECD, 1992a, 2013a, 2013b; US EPA, 2000). Zusätzlich wurde die Aufnahme der Partikel in die genannten Testorganismen untersucht. In Zebrabärblingsembryonen wurden außerdem potentielle Effekte auf die Genexpression mittels Microarrays ermittelt. Die erhaltenen Daten wurden später mit Ergebnissen aus Tests mit dem Wasserfloh Daphnia magna, der Alge Scenedesmus vacuolatus, Larven der Mücke Chironomus riparius und nitrifizierenden Bodenmikroorganismen ergänzt.
In dem Fischembryotoxizitätstest wurde keine Passage der Carbo-Iron-Partikel durch das Chorion in den perivitellinen Raum oder den Embryo beobachtet. Nach der Exposition wurde Carbo-Iron im Darm von H. azteca und D. rerio, aber keinem anderen Gewebe oder Organen detektiert. Carbo-Iron hatte keine signifikanten Effekte auf die Nitrifikationsrate der Bodenmikroorganismen sowie Überleben und Wachstum des Zebrabärblings. Dennoch wurden signifikant negative Effekte auf Wachstum, Fütterungsrate und Reproduktion von H. azteca und auf das Überleben und die Reproduktion von D. magna festgestellt. Des Weiteren war die Entwicklungsrate von C. riparius und das Zellvolumen von S. vacuolatus negativ beeinflusst.
Anhand der durchgeführten Studien wurde basierend auf dem Ergebnis des Reproduktionstests mit D. magna und einem assessment factor von 10 für Carbo-Iron eine predicted no effect concentration von 0,1 mg/L ermittelt. Diese wurde mit modellierten und gemessenen Umweltkonzentrationen von Carbo-Iron verglichen die in einer Studie erhoben wurden, in denen Carbo-Iron zur Behandlung eines mit Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen kontaminierten Aquifers eingesetzt wurde, und Risiko-Quotienten wurden abgeleitet. Zur gesamtheitlichen Betrachtung wurde anschließend ein Schema zur Bewertung des Umweltrisikos vor und nach der Behandlung des Aquifers mit Carbo-Iron entwickelt. Die erhobenen Daten weisen auf ein reduziertes Umweltrisiko nach der Applikation von Carbo-Iron hin. Dementsprechend überwiegen die Vorteile einer Grundwasserbehandlung mit Carbo-Iron die potentiellen negativen Effekte auf die Umwelt.
This Master Thesis is an exploratory research to determine whether it is feasible to construct a subjectivity lexicon using Wikipedia. The key hypothesis is that that all quotes in Wikipedia are subjective and all regular text are objective. The degree of subjectivity of a word, also known as ''Quote Score'' is determined based on the ratio of word frequency in quotations to its frequency outside quotations. The proportion of words in the English Wikipedia which are within quotations is found to be much smaller as compared to those which are not in quotes, resulting in a right-skewed distribution and low mean value of Quote Scores.
The methodology used to generate the subjectivity lexicon from text corpus in English Wikipedia is designed in such a way that it can be scaled and reused to produce similar subjectivity lexica of other languages. This is achieved by abstaining from domain and language-specific methods, apart from using only readily-available English dictionary packages to detect and exclude stopwords and non-English words in the Wikipedia text corpus.
The subjectivity lexicon generated from English Wikipedia is compared against other lexica; namely MPQA and SentiWordNet. It is found that words which are strongly subjective tend to have high Quote Scores in the subjectivity lexicon generated from English Wikipedia. There is a large observable difference between distribution of Quote Scores for words classified as strongly subjective versus distribution of Quote Scores for words classified as weakly subjective and objective. However, weakly subjective and objective words cannot be differentiated clearly based on Quote Score. In addition to that, a questionnaire is commissioned as an exploratory approach to investigate whether subjectivity lexicon generated from Wikipedia could be used to extend the coverage of words of existing lexica.
Pelagic oxyclines, the transition zone between oxygen rich surface waters and oxygen depleted deep waters, are a common characteristic of eutrophic lakes during summer stratification. They can have tremendous effects on the biodiversity and the ecosystem functioning of lakes and, to add insult to injury, are expected to become more frequent and more pronounced as climate warming progresses. On these grounds, this thesis endeavors to advance the understanding of formation, persistence, and consequences of pelagic oxyclines: We test, whether the formation of metalimnetic oxygen minima is intrinsically tied to a locally enhanced oxygen consuming process, investigate the relative importance of vertical physical oxygen transport and biochemical oxygen consumption for the persistence of pelagic oxyclines, and finally assess their potential consequences for whole lake cycling. To pursue these objectives, the present thesis nearly exclusively resorts to in situ measurements. Field campaigns were conducted at three lakes in Germany featuring different types of oxyclines and resolved either a short (hours to days) or a long (weeks to months) time scale. Measurements comprised temperature, current velocity, and concentrations of oxygen and reduced substances in high temporal and vertical resolution. Additionally, vertical transport was estimated by applying the eddy correlation technique within the pelagic region for the first time. The thesis revealed, that the formation of metalimnetic oxygen minima does not necessarily depend on locally enhanced oxygen depletion, but can solely result from gradients and curvatures of oxygen concentration and depletion and their relative position to each other. Physical oxygen transport was found to be relevant for oxycline persistence when it considerably postponed anoxia on a long time scale. However, its influence on oxygen dynamics was minor on short time scales, although mixing and transport were highly variable. Biochemical consumption always dominated the fate of oxygen in pelagic oxyclines. It was primarily determined by the oxidative breakdown of organic matter originating from the epilimnion, whereas in meromictic lakes, the oxidation of reduced substances dominated. Beyond that, the results of the thesis emphasize that pelagic oxyclines can be a hotspot of mineralization and, hence, short-circuit carbon and nutrient cycling in the upper part of the water column. Overall, the present thesis highlights the importance of considering physical transport as well as biochemical cycling in future studies.
Fresh water resources like rivers and reservoirs are exposed to a drastically changing world. In order to safeguard these lentic ecosystems, they need stronger protection in times of global change and population growth. In the last years, the exploitation pressure on drinking water reservoirs has increased steadily worldwide. Besides securing the demands of safe drinking water supply, international laws especially in Europe (EU Water Framework Directive) stipulate to minimize the impact of dams on downstream rivers. In this study we investigate the potential of a smart withdrawal strategy at Grosse Dhuenn Reservoir to improve the temperature and discharge regime downstream without jeopardizing drinking water production. Our aim is to improve the existing withdrawal strategy for operating the reservoir in a sustainable way in terms of water quality and quantity. First, we set-up and calibrated a 1D numerical model for Grosse Dhuenn Reservoir with the open-source community model “General Lake Model” (GLM) together with its water quality module “Aquatic Ecodynamics” library (AED2). The reservoir model reproduced water temperatures and hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen concentrations accurately over a 5 year period. Second, we extended the model source code with a selective withdrawal functionality (adaptive offtake) and added operational rules for a realistic reservoir management. Now the model is able to autonomously determine the best withdrawal height according to the temperature and flow requirements of the downstream river and the raw water quality objectives. Criteria for the determination of the withdrawal regime are selective withdrawal, development of stratification and oxygen content in the deep hypolimnion. This functionality is not available in current reservoir models, where withdrawal heights are generally provided a priori to the model and kept fixed during the simulation. Third, we ran scenario simulations identifying an improved reservoir withdrawal strategy to balance the demands for downstream river and raw water supply. Therefore we aimed at finding an optimal parallel withdrawal ratio between cold hypolimnetic water and warm epilimnetic or metalimnetic water in order to provide a pre-defined temperature in the downstream river. The reservoir model and the proposed withdrawal strategy provide a simple and efficient tool to optimize reservoir management in a multi-objective view for mastering future reservoir management challenges.
Previous research concerned with early science education revealed that guided play can support young children’s knowledge acquisition. However, the questions whether guided play maintains other important prerequisites such as children’s science self-concept and how guided play should be implemented remain unanswered. The present dissertation encompasses three research articles that investigated 5- to 6-year-old children’s science knowledge, science theories, and science self-concept in the stability domain and their relation to interindividual prerequisites. Moreover, the articles examined whether children’s science knowledge, science theories, and science self-concept can be supported by different play forms, i.e., guided play with material and verbal scaffolds, guided play with material scaffolds, and free play. The general introduction of the present dissertation first highlights children’s cognitive development, their science self-concept, and interindividual prerequisites, i.e., fluid and crystallised intelligence, mental rotation ability, and interest in block play. These prerequisites are applied to possible ways of supporting children during play. The first article focused on the measurement of 5-to-6-year-old children’s stability knowledge and its relation to interindividual prerequisites. Results suggested that children’s stability knowledge could be measured reliably and validly, and was related to their fluid and crystallised intelligence. The second article was concerned with the development of children’s intuitive stability theories over three points of measurement and the effects of guided and free play, children’s prior theories as well as their intelligence on these intuitive theories. Results implied that guided play with material and verbal scaffolds supported children’s stability theories more than the other two play forms, i.e., guided play with material scaffolds and free play. Moreover, consistency of children’s prior theories, their fluid and crystallised intelligence were related to children’s theory adaptation after the intervention. The third article focused on the effect of the playful interventions on children’s stability knowledge and science self-concept over three points of measurement. Furthermore, the reciprocal effects between knowledge acquisition and science self-concept were investigated. Results implied that guided play supported knowledge acquisition and maintained children’s science self-concept. Free play did not support children’s stability knowledge and decreased children’s science self-concept. No evidence for reciprocal effects between children’s stability knowledge and their science self-concept was found. Last, in a general discussion, the findings of the three articles are combined and reflected amidst children’s cognitive development. Summarising, the present dissertation shows that children’s science knowledge, science theories, and science self-concept can be supported through guided play that considers children’s cognitive development.
Eine genaue Schneesimulation ist der Schlüssel zur Erfassung der charakteristischen Visualisierung von Schnee. Aufwendige Methoden existieren, die versuchen Schneeverhalten ganzheitlich zu ergreifen. Die Rechenkomplexität dieser Ansätze hindert sie daran, Echtzeitfähigkeit zu erreichen. Diese Arbeit stellt drei Methoden vor, die unter Verwendung der GPU eine echtzeitfähige Deformation einer Schneeoberoberfläche darstellen. Die Ansätze werden hinsichtlich ihrer wahrheitsgetreuen Schneedarstellung untersucht und nach ihrer Fähigkeit, mit einer zunehmenden Anzahl von schneeverformenden Objekten zu skalieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Methoden bei mehreren hunderten schneeverformenden Objekten ihre Echtzeitfähigkeit beibehalten. Jedoch benachteiligen die charakteristischen Einschränkungen jener Methoden die visuellen Resultate. Ein experimenteller Ansatz ist es, die Anzahl der schneeverformenden Objekte zu reduzieren und durch Zusammenfügen der Methoden ein genaueres, kombiniertes Verformungsmuster zu erzeugen.
Die modellgetriebene Softwareentwicklung beabsichtigt die Spezifikation von Softwaresystemen durch Modelle zu vereinfachen und die automatisierte Entwicklung zu verbessern. Die Modellierungssprachen und Werkzeuge, die zur Modellierung von Systemen und Anwendungsdomänen herangezogen werden, werden in modellbasierten technologischen Räumen zusammengefasst. Ontologiebasierte technologische Räume enthalten Ontologiesprachen und Technologien zum Entwurf, der Anfrage und dem Schlussfolgern von Wissen. Mit der Verbreitung des semantischen Webs werden Ontologien in der Entwicklung von Software zunehmend eingesetzt.
In dieser Arbeit werden zur Kombination von technologischen Räumen Brückentechnologien vorgestellt. Transformationsbrücken übersetzen Modelle, Abbildungsbrücken stellen Beziehungen zwischen Modellen verschiedener technologischer Räume her und Integrationsbrücken verschmelzen Räume zu neuen allumfassenden technologischen Räumen. API Brücken erschaffen Interoperabilität zwischen Werkzeugen. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich insbesondere mit der Kombination von modellbasierten und ontologiebasierten technologischen Räumen. Nach einem Vergleich zwischen Sprachen und Werkzeugen der einzelnen Räume wird die Integrationsbrücke herangezogen um einen neuen gemeinsamen technologischen Raum zu erstellen, der den hybriden Gebrauch von Sprachen und den interoperablen Einsatz von Werkzeugen ermöglicht. Die Syntax und Semantik von Modellierungssprachen kann mit Hilfe von Ontologiesprachen spezifiziert werden. Die Korrektheit von Modellen wird durch den Einsatz von Ontologietechnologien gewährleistet. Ontologiebasierte Modellierungssprachen erlauben den Nutzen von Anfrage- und Schlussfolgerungstechnologien. Sie sind darüber hinaus so flexibel um verschiedene Anforderungen von Softwareentwicklern zu erfüllen. Domänenspezifische Sprachen unterstützen neben der Spezifikation von Systemen auch die konzeptionelle Beschreibung von Domänen durch Modelle, die aus möglichen Laufzeitinstanzen und deren Typen bestehen. Integrierte Ontologiesprachen helfen eine formale Semantik für Domänenmodellierungssprachen zu definieren und Ontologietechnologien ermöglichen das Schlussfolgern über Typen und Instanzen.
Alle Ansätze in dieser Arbeit werden mit Hilfe eines Szenarios, in dem die Konfigurationen für Familien von Netzwerkgeräte modelliert werden, veranschaulicht. Ferner werden die Implementationen aller Brückentechnologien zur Kombination von technologischen Räumen und alle Werkzeuge für die ontologiebasierte Entwicklung von Modellierungssprachen illustriert.
Abstract for the print-book: Walden, R. (2008). Architectural Psychology: School, University Campus, and Office Building of the Future. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers (in German). The need for display of self in architecture and for users' self-regulation of stress factors, which demonstrate that users crave individual control of their environment (cf. Flammer, 1990; Burger, 1992) motivated this study to use the concept of environmental control as a central criterion for the evaluation of built environment. It was applied to three case studies: a school, a university campus, and an office building. Advantages and disadvantages of the data- gathering methods of architectural Programming, User-Needs Analysis, and Post-Occupancy Evaluation were analyzed to highlight their significance in terms of Building Performance Evaluation as described by Preiser and Sc hramm (1997, 2005). The “Koblenz Architecture Questionnaire” was used as an instrument for assessing the built environment of the three case studies, and the study reports selected findings from these questionnaires. The investigation seeks to determine the effect of architecture - especially buildings' provisions for user control of environmental conditions - on user performance (cf. BOSTI studies, 1984, 2001) in three innovative buildings: the Waldorf School in Cologne, the new campus for the University in Koblenz, and the Office Tower of the Deutsche Post World Net AG in Bonn. Performance is measured in terms of (1) Lear ning and Work Efficiency, (2) Well-being, (3) Environmental Control, (4) Social Behavior (the latter just for the school project), and by means of 21 and 16 additional psychological criteria for success of the organization in the cases of the university and the office building, respectively. The study aims, among other things, at reassessing the theoretical concept of 'environmental control' and at making recommendations for both improvement of existing buildings and the design of new projects. Two central questions are: In User-Needs Analysis, what is the difference between the assessment of a building for its current use and its estimated performance in future? Do certain architectural features influence user assessments on the given performance criteria? In the studies, three mapping sentences were developed according to the 'facet approach' (Borg, 1996) as well as two systems to judge the quality of school and office buildings. Using these systems, information was obtained in all three studies to construct questionnaires. In the school study, teachers were asked 139 questions, pupils 86 questions. Responses were obtained from 26 teachers and 122 pupils. For the university, 147 students and 28 faculty members responded to 203 questions. For the office building, 56 student-experts were asked 254 questions. Characteristics of the built environment were rated using the following scale: +2 ☺☺ (very good “at present”, and accordingly very important “in the future”) down to –2 // (very bad “at present”, and very unimportant “in the future”). A general finding was a high and significant co rrelation between the responses for the three main performance criteria in all three case studies, especially for the 'importance for the future' aspect. This supports the conclusion that a perception of higher degree of environmental control by users will lead to an increased sense of well-being and consequently, there will also be a higher expectation of improved work or learning efficiency 'in the future'. The three studies further show for example that users in all three environments desire 'retreat opportunities' which may take the form of student offices in schools, niches and small group seating in classrooms, and sheltered seating in outdoor areas and work tables in the cafeteria for the university. For the offices, users wanted more visual privacy (less transparent office partitions in Combi Offices) for less visual control of their activities by supervisors and co-workers. The relationships found by the studies between the responses on the central performance criteria and the spatial characteristics of the three buildings support the contention that focused improvements in the built environment, especially with respect to features that enhance user control of environmental conditions, will influence users’ well-being as well as work performance and work or learning efficiency in a positive way.