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In this article we analyze the privacy aspects of a mobile sensor application used for recording urban travel patterns as part of a travel-survey service. This service has been developed and field-tested within the Live+Gov EU Project. The privacy analysis follows a structured approach established in. Eight privacy recommendations are derived, and have already led to corresponding enhancements of the travel-survey service.
The largest population of the anadromous Allis shad (A. alosa) of the 19th century was found in River Rhine and has to be considered extinct today. To facilitate the return of A. alosa into River Rhine an EU LIFE-project was initiated in 2007. The overall objective of this thesis was to assist aquaculture and stocking-measures at River Rhine, as well as to support restoration and conservation of populations of Allis shad in Europe.
By culturing the free-swimming nematode T. aceti in a solution of cider vinegar we developed a cost-effective live food organism for the larviculture of fish. As indicated by experiments with C. maraena, T. aceti cannot be regarded as an alternative to Artemia nauplii. However it has to be considered a suitable supplemental feed in the early rearing of C. maraena by providing essential fatty acids, thereby optimizing growth.
Also mass-marking practices with Oxytetracycline, as they are applied in the restocking of Allis shad have been evaluated. In experiments with D. rerio we demonstrated that water hardness can detrimentally affect mortality during marking and has to be considered crucial in the development of marking protocols for freshwater fish.
In order to get independent from wild spawners an ex-situ Broodstock-facility for Allis shad was established in 2011. Upon examination of two complete year classes of this broodstock, we found a high prevalence of various malformations, which could be traced back to distinct cysts developing one month post hatch. Despite applying a variety of clinical tests we could not identify any infectious agents causing these malformations. The observed malformations are probably a consequence of suboptimal feeding practices or the properties of the physio-chemical rearing environment.
The decline of stocks of A. alosa in Europe has been largely explained with the increase of river temperatures as a consequence of global warming. By investigating the temperature physiology of larval Allis shad we demonstrated that A. alosa ranges among the most thermo-tolerant species in Europe and that correlations between rising temperatures and the disappearance of this species have to be understood in a synecological context and by integrating a variety of stressors other than temperature. By capturing and examining juvenile and adult Allis shad from River Rhine, we demonstrated the first natural reproduction of A. alosa in River Rhine since nearly 100 years and the success of stocking measures within the framework of the LIFE project.
Die Reputation von Unternehmen ist einer zunehmenden Gefahr ausgesetzt, die sich aus der (unreflektierten) Nutzung sozialer Netzwerke durch die eigenen Mitarbeiter ergibt. Die Treiber und Hemmnisse eines solchen Nutzerverhaltens von Arbeitnehmern in sozialen Netzwerken wurden bislang nur unzureichend erforscht. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht unter Verwendung der Boundary Theorie am Beispiel der Plattform Facebook, inwieweit die Persönlichkeitsmerkmale Neurotizismus und Extraversion, die Organisationsidentifikation und die Unternehmensreputation ein zustimmendes Verhalten von Nutzern begünstigen. Eine experimentelle Online-Studie mit 494 Probanden zeigt, dass insbesondere eine hohe Unternehmensreputation und Organisationsidentifikation zu einem erhöhten zustimmenden Verhalten führen.
This thesis analyzes the online attention towards scientists and their research topics. The studies compare the attention dynamics towards the winners of important scientific prizes with scientists who did not receive a prize. Web signals such as Wikipedia page views, Wikipedia edits, and Google Trends were used as a proxy for online attention. One study focused on the time between the creation of the article about a scientist and their research topics. It was discovered that articles about research topics were created closer to the articles of prize winners than to scientists who did not receive a prize. One possible explanation could be that the research topics are more closely related to the scientist who got an award. This supports that scientists who received the prize introduced the topics to the public. Another study considered the public attention trends towards the related research topics before and after a page of a scientist was created. It was observed that after a page about a scientist was created, research topics of prize winners received more attention than the topics of scientists who did not receive a prize. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that Nobel Prize winners get a lower amount of attention before receiving the prize than the potential nominees from the list of Citation Laureates of Thompson Reuters. Also, their popularity is going down faster after receiving it. It was also shown that it is difficult to predict the prize winners based on the attention dynamics towards them.
Ein zentrales Problem der stationären Behandlung psychischer und psychosomatischer Störungen ist die Nachhaltigkeit von Therapieerfolgen. Im Rahmen einer Pilotstudie wurde ein SMS-basiertes Nachsorgeprogramm zur Modifikation Perfektionismus-bezogener Kognitionen im Anschluss an eine stationäre Behandlung von Burnout-Patienten evaluiert.
Es handelte sich um eine kontrollierte Verlaufsstudie mit vier Messzeitpunkten (Aufnahme, Entlassung, 6 und 10-Wochen-Katamnese). Die Patienten der Versuchsgruppe (n=31) erhielten zusätzlich zur Routine-Behandlung eine 6-wöchige kognitiv ausgerichtete individualisierte SMS-Nachsorge. Als Kontrollgruppe (n=30) diente eine Gruppe von Patienten mit einer stationären Routine-Behandlung. Zur Erfassung der Burnout-Symptomatik wurde das Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS-D) eingesetzt, die depressive Symptomatik wurde mit dem Beck-Depressions-Inventar-V (BDI-V) erhoben. Zur Erfassung der Facetten des Perfektionismus dienten Items aus der Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS und HMPS) sowie der Almost Perfect Scale (APS-R).
Ein sehr hohes Interesse, eine hohe Inanspruchnahme sowie eine hohe Akzeptanz des Nachsorgeprogramms konnte anhand der Bereitschaft zur Teilnahme und der von den Teilnehmern bewertete Nutzen aufgezeigt werden.
Eine Wirksamkeit der SMS-Nachsorge bzgl. Burnout und depressiver Symptomatik sowie dysfunktionalen Facetten des Perfektionismus konnte mittels zweifaktoriellen Kovarianzanalysen (Gruppe, Zeit, Baseline als Kovariate) nicht nachgewiesen werden. Ein Grund hierfür könnte sein, dass der Interventionszeitraum von 10 Wochen nach der stationären Entlassung für eine effektive Nachsorge zu kurz bemessen wurde. Bzgl. einiger dysfunktionaler Perfektionismusskalen (Concern over Mistakes, Discrepancy, Socially Prescribed Perfectionism) zeigten sich kleinere Interaktionseffekte, die einen ersten Hinweis liefern, dass die eingesetzten SMS-Nachrichten Perfektionismus-bezogene Kognitionen verändern können. Da das vorgestellte Interventionsprogramm ein ökonomisches und niedrigschwelliges ambulantes Nachsorge-Konzept darstellt und sich erste Hinweise auf eine Wirksamkeit ergeben, wären für die Zukunft weitere Studien wünschenswert, die sich über einen längeren Interventionszeitraum erstrecken. Es sollten weitere Messinstrumente einbezogen und die Implementierung eines Feedbackprozesses erwogen werden.
Campuszeitung Ausg. 1/2016
(2016)
In recent years head mounted displays (HMD) and their abilities to create virtual realities comparable with the real world moved more into the focus of press coverage and consumers. The reason for this lies in constant improvements in available computing power, miniaturisation of components as well as the constantly shrinking power consumption. These trends originate in the general technical progress driven by advancements made in smartphone sector. This gives more people than ever access to the required components to create these virtual realities. However at the same time there is only limited research which uses the current generation of HMDs especially when comparing the virtual and real world against each other. The approach of this thesis is to look into the process of navigating both real and virtual spaces while using modern hardware and software. One of the key areas are the spatial and peripheral perception without which it would be difficult to navigate a given space. The influence of prior real and virtual experiences on these will be another key aspect. The final area of focus is the influence on the emotional state and how it compares to the real world. To research these influences a experiment using the Oculus Rift DK2 HMD will be held in which subjects will be guided through a real space as well as a virtual model of it. Data will be gather in a quantitative manner by using surveys. Finally, the findings will be discussed based on a statistical evaluation. During these tests the different perception of distances and room size will the compared and how they change based on the current reality. Furthermore, the influence of prior spatial activities both in the real and the virtual world will looked into. Lastly, it will be checked how real these virtual worlds are and if they are sufficiently sophisticated to trigger the same emotional responses as the real world.
This thesis is providing an overview over the current topics and influences of mobile components on Enterprise Content Management (ECM). With a literature review the core topics of enterprise mobility and ECM have been identified and projected on the context of using mobile Apps within the environment of ECM. An analysis of three ECM systems and their mobile software lead to an understanding of the functionalities and capabilities mobile systems are providing in the ECM environment. These findings lead to a better un- derstanding for the usage of mobile Enterprise Content Management and is preparation. The thesis focuses the most important topics, which need to be considered for the usage and adoption of mobile Apps in ECM.
This thesis presents an approach to optimizing the computation of soft shadows from area lights. The light source is sampled uniformly by traversing shadow rays as packets through an N-tree. This data structure stores an additional line space for every node. A line space stores precomputed information about geometry inside of shafts from one to another side of the node. This visibility information is used to terminate a ray. Additionally the graphics processing unit (short GPU) is used to speed up the computations through parallelism. The scene is rendered with OpenGL and the shadow value is computed on the GPU for each pixel. Evaluating the implementation shows a performance gain of 86% by comparison to the CPU, if using the GPU implementation. Using the line space instead of triangle intersections also increases the performance. The implementation provides good scaling with an increasing amount of triangles and has no visual disadvantages for many rays.
Animated children’s films can be seen as integral parts of western children’s culture and are very popular among their young target group. Accordingly an accurate scientific examination of these film’s contents seems useful. Previous quantitative content analyses are mainly concerned with “classic” Disney animated films. There is less research regarding more modern computer-animated films from different film studios. Thus the aim of the quantitative content analysis in this study is to contribute to the research field by examining portrayals in 20 very popular computer-animated films from 2000 to 2013. The focus here is on the relations between demographic, physical, linguistic as well as on personality-based and behavioral features of the film characters and their “goodness” or rather “evilness”. In conjunction with analyses of extreme groups the features of particularly “good” or rather particularly “evil” film characters are also taken into account.
In addition the features of film characters undergoing a fundamental change of their “goodness” or “evilness” during the film plot are examined. Hereby a comprehensive picture of depiction-tendencies regarding the “goodness” or rather the “evilness” of animated film characters and of the extent to which they may be associated with certain stereotypes should be enabled. In the theoretical part of this study important findings from the actual state of research concerning typical depictions in animated children’s films are summed up. Then theories and empirical findings about possible effects on children who watch such films are described. Subsequently in the empirical part of the study the methodological approach in this content analysis is explained and the corresponding results are mentioned and discussed with regard to possible effects and pedagogical conclusions. The findings indicate that the portrayal of “good” and “evil” in the films examined as a whole can be considered as stereotypical only in some points: For example “good” film characters are significantly more attractive and achieve better results at the end of a film compared to “evil” characters. But in total the findings of this content analysis can be viewed rather positive, also regarding potential effects on children. Nevertheless further research on that topic can deemed to be of concern.
Die Entstehung von Gründungsteams wird bisher lediglich als Abfolge von Suche, Auswahl und Gewinnung von Gründerpersonen verstanden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird auf Basis von 47 interviewten Gründerpersonen ein neues Verständnis für die Entstehung von Gründungsteams geschaffen. Dabei wird im Stil der Grounded Theory das bisher vorherrschende Model der Teamentstehung maßgeblich erweitert. So wird eine neue Art der Unterscheidung von Grünerpersonen entdeckt, welche auf die Intention von Teammitgliedern abzielt. Zudem zeigt sich, dass Teams in einem iterativ-epiodischen Prozess entstehen und Veränderungen von Teamzu-sammmensetzungen Bestandteil der Entstehung sind. Aufgrund der in dieser Arbeit geschaffenen neuen Erkenntnisse zur Teamentstehung können Handlungsempfehlungen für Gründerpersonen und die Gründungsförderung gegeben werden. Zudem werden neue Untersuchungsgebiete für Gründungsteams eröffnet, die das hier entwickelte Modell als Bezugsrahmen für weitere Forschung nehmen können.
Externe Repräsentationen spielen eine wichtige Rolle für die Lösung von mathematischen Textaufgaben. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Effekte bereitgestellter Repräsentationen beim Lösen problemhaltiger Textaufgaben in der Grundschule. Insbesondere problemhaltige Textaufgaben sind für Schüler anspruchsvoll, da sie nicht direkt mit den eingeübten und routinierten Rechenoperationen gelöst werden können. Sie zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass sich der Lösungsweg nicht auf einen Blick erschließt, die mathematische Grundstruktur daher zunächst erkannt, entfaltet und verstanden werden muss und häufig mehrere Aufgabenbedingungen bei der Planung und Beschreitung des Lösungswegs bedacht und verarbeitet werden müssen. Um diesen komplexen Anforderungen begegnen zu können, benötigen Schüler die Fähigkeit, das Problem adäquat zu repräsentieren. Dabei können verschiedene Darstellungsformen wie Zeichnungen und Tabellen verwendet werden, die dann als Werkzeuge für die kognitiven Lösungsprozesse dienen. Da Grundschüler von sich aus häufig keine externen Repräsentationen erstellen, geht die vorliegende Studie den Fragen nach, (1) ob vorgefertigte Repräsentationen das Problemlösen verbessern und erleichtern, (2) ob sich eine Auseinandersetzung mit vorgefertigten Tabellen und Zeichnungen auch auf späteres Problemlösen ohne bereitgestellte Hilfsmittel auswirkt, (3) welche Repräsentationsform (Zeichnung oder Tabelle) und (4) wie viel Vorstrukturierung der bereitgestellten Repräsentation dabei hilfreicher ist. In einem experimentellen Studiendesign arbeiteten 199 Viertklässler an unterschiedlichen problemhaltigen Textaufgaben. Das Design bestand aus drei Tests: (1) Vor-, (2) Treatment- und (3) Transfertest. Im Vortest wurde die Ausgangsleistung der Probanden bei problemhaltigen Textaufgaben gemessen. Im Treatment-Test wurde die Performance beim Problemlösen mit vorgegebenen Repräsentationen erhoben: Probanden der Experimentalgruppe erhielten Zeichnungen und Tabellen in unterschiedlichen Vorstrukturierungsgraden zu den Aufgaben (Intervention), eine Kontrollgruppe erhielt keine Repräsentationen. Im Transfertest bearbeiteten die Teilnehmer vergleichbare Aufgaben wiederum ohne vorgegebene Repräsentationen, um die Problemlöse-Performance nach der Intervention zu messen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten erstens, dass die bereitgestellten Repräsenta-tionen entgegen der Annahme die Problemlöseprozesse insgesamt nicht verbessert und erleichtert haben. Zweitens: Wurde eine Repräsentation bereitgestellt, war eine Zeichnung wie angenommen hilfreicher als eine Tabelle. Jedoch war dieser Effekt abhängig vom Problemtyp und vom Grad der Vorstrukturierung. Offensichtlich genügte es nicht, Zeichnungen und Tabellen einfach nur bereitzustellen, da die Probanden vielfach Schwierigkeiten bei der Interpretation und adäquaten Verwendung der Repräsentationen hatten. Dies spricht für die Notwendigkeit eines Trainings zur Ausbildung und Förderung einer frühen „diagram literacy“ bereits bei Grundschülern.
Digital happiness
(2016)
Emotions in the digital world gain more and more importance by the accelerating digitalization of recent years. In everyday life as well as professional and educational environments, the use of media is almost inescapable. This work takes a closer look to the still relatively unknown topic, “Digital Happiness“. In the literature emotions in the digital world are studied increasingly, but concerning the topic of “Digital Happiness” there are not many insights.
In this research the differences between communicating emotions through digital media and face-to-face communications, as well as their impacts, are investigated. The perception and expression of emotions in the real and digital world are considered. Furthermore, a first definition of “Digital Happiness” and a model with the associated determinants that influence “Digital Happiness” is developed.
To achieve these goals, a literature analysis by the method of Webster & Watson (2002) is performed. Therefore, 15 articles are selected and analyzed in more detail to illustrate the current state of research. These articles are organized into a concept matrix. In addition, special phenomena, such as Quantified Self, are closely considered in order to determine other factors. Based on the literature analysis, a qualitative study by the method of Mayring (2014) is performed. It is developed into an interview guideline that serves as the basis for the investigation of the established determinants of the literature analysis. This is confirmed or refuted by 30 interviews with users of information and communication technologies. With the help of the interviews, a large part of the determinants in the literature can be confirmed. Moreover, some new determinants are identified. These results are included into the final model. This model provides a basis for further research in the field of “Digital Happiness“. Finally, different implications for research and practice are found, which reveal the need of further research.
The aim of this thesis was to develop and to evaluate a method, which enables the utilization of traditional dialog marketing tools through the web. For this purpose, a prototype of a website with "extended real-time interaction (eEI)" capabilities has been implemented and tested. The prototype was evaluated by a methodology based on the five-dimensional "e-service quality" measure after Gwo-Guang Lee und Hsiu-Fen Lin. The Foundation of the "e-service quality" measure is the SERVQUAL-Model. A statistical analysis of the user study results showed a significant correlation between eEI and user satisfaction. Before the actual realization of eEI, the "Technology Acceptance Model" after Fred D. Davis was used to investigate currently used real-time interaction systems.
Agriculture covers one third of the world land area and has become a major source of water pollution due to its heavy reliance on chemical inputs, namely fertilisers and pesticides. Several thousands of tonnes of these chemicals are applied worldwide annually and partly reach freshwaters. Despite their widespread use and relatively unspecific modes of action, fungicides are the least studied group of pesticides. It remains unclear whether the taxonomic groups used in pesticide risk assessment are protective for non-target freshwater fungi. Fungi and bacteria are the main microbial decomposers converting allochthonous organic matter (litter) into a more nutritious food resource for leaf-shredding macroinvertebrates. This process of litter decomposition (LD) is central for aquatic ecosystem because it fuels local and downstream food webs with energy and nutrients. Effects of fungicides on decomposer communities and LD have been mainly analysed under laboratory conditions with limited representation of the multiple factors that may moderate effects in the field.
In this thesis a field study was conducted in a German vineyard area to characterise recurrent episodic exposure to fungicides in agricultural streams (chapter 2) and its effects on decomposer communities and LD (chapter 3). Additionally, potential interaction effects of nutrient enrichment and fungicides on decomposer communities and LD were analysed in a mesocosm experiment (chapter 4).
In the field study event-driven water sampling (EDS) and passive sampling with EmporeTM styrene-divinylbenzene reverse phase sulfonated disks (SDB disks) were used to assess exposure to 15 fungicides and 4 insecticides. A total of 17 streams were monitored during 4 rainfall events within the local application period of fungicides in 2012. EDS exceeded the time-weighted average concentrations provided by the SDB disks by a factor of 3, though high variability among compounds was observed. Most compounds were detected in more than half of the sites and mean and maximum peak (EDS) concentrations were under 1 and 3 µg/l, respectively. Besides, SDB disk-sampling rates and a free-software solution to derive sampling rates under time-variable exposure were provided.
Several biotic endpoints related to decomposers and LD were measured in the same sampling sites as the fungicide monitoring, coinciding with the major litter input period. Our results suggest that polar organic fungicides in streams change the structure of the fungal community. Causality of this finding was supported by a subsequent microcosm experiment. Whether other effects observed in the field study, such as reduced fungal biomass, increased bacterial density or reduced microbial LD can be attributed to fungicides remains speculative and requires further investigation. By contrast, neither the invertebrate LD nor in-situ measured gammarid feeding rates correlated with water-borne fungicide toxicity, but both were negatively associated with sediment copper concentrations. The mesocosm experiment showed that fungicides and nutrients affect microbial decomposers differently and that they can alter community structure, though longer experiments are needed to determine whether these changes may propagate to invertebrate communities and LD. Overall, further studies should include representative field surveys in terms of fungicide pollution and physical, chemical and biological conditions. This should be combined with experiments under controlled conditions to test for the causality of field observations.
The global problematic issue of the olive oil industry is in its generation of large amounts of olive mill wastewater (OMW). The direct discharge of OMW to the soil is very common which presents environmental problems for olive oil producing countries. Both, positive as well as negative effects on soil have been found in earlier studies. Therefore, the current study hypothesized that whether beneficial effects or negative effects dominate depends on the prevailing conditions before and after OMW discharge to soil. As such, a better understanding of the OMW-soil interaction mechanisms becomes essential for sustainable safe disposal of OMW on soil and sustainable soil quality.
A field experiment was carried out in an olive orchard in Palestine, over a period of 24 months, in which the OMW was applied to the soil as a single application of 14 L m-2 under four different environmental conditions: in winter (WI), spring (SP), and summer with and without irrigation (SUmoist and SUdry). The current study investigated the effects of seasonal conditions on the olive mill wastewater (OMW) soil interaction in the short-term and the long-term. The degree and persistence of soil salinization, acidification, accumulation of phenolic compounds and soil water repellency were investigated as a function of soil depth and time elapsed after the OMW application. Moreover, the OMW impacts on soil organic matter SOM quality and quantity, total organic carbon (SOC), water-extractable soil organic carbon (DOC), as well as specific ultraviolet absorbance analysis (SUVA254) were also investigated for each seasonal application in order to assess the degree of OMW-OM decomposition or accumulation in soil, and therefore, the persisting effects of OMW disposal to soil.
The results of the current study demonstrate that the degree and persistence of relevant effects due to OMW application on soil varied significantly between the different seasonal OMW applications both in the short-term and the long-term. The negative effects of the potentially hazardous OMW residuals in the soil were highly dependent on the dominant transport mechanisms and transformation mechanisms, triggered by the ambient soil moisture and temperature which either intensified or diminished negative effects of OMW in the soil during and after the application season. The negative effects of OMW disposal to the soil decreased by increasing the retention time of OMW in soil under conditions favoring biological activity. The moderate conditions of soil moisture and temperature allowed for a considerable amount of applied OMW to be biologically degraded, while the prolonged application time under dry conditions and high temperature resulted in a less degradable organic fraction of the OMW, causing the OMW constituents to accumulate and polymerize without being degraded. Further, the rainfall during winter season diminished negative effects of OMW in the soil; therefore, the risk of groundwater contamination by non-degraded constituents of OMW can be highly probable during the winter season.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss des Wahlszenarios auf die Geheimheit und Öffentlichkeit der Wahl herausgearbeitet. Ein Wahlszenario wird durch seine Wahlform und die verwendete Wahltechnik bestimmt. Bei der Wahl-form kann zwischen einer Präsenz- und einer Fernwahl unterschieden werden. Bei der Wahltechnik zwischen der Papier- und der elektronischen Wahl. Mit der Papier-Präsenzwahl, der Briefwahl (Papier-Fernwahl) und der Internetwahl (elektronische Fernwahl) werden drei prominente Wahlszenarien und ihr Einfluss auf Geheimheit, Privatheit und Öffentlichkeit untersucht.
A special challenge of the basic musical education of children is to give them an understanding of reading and writing musical scores. During the training of young choristers it is furthermore important to educate them in directly transforming the written scores into sounds.
Therefore it is an interesting idea to play the sounds to the children via piano or keyboard and simultaneously present them on a screen in musical notation.
The aim of this bachelor thesis is the implementation of such a system that allows to enter scores using a MIDI-compatible keyboard and then depicting these as musical notation. The prototype of the application operates in three steps. It receives the musical scores via keyboard in form of MIDIdatasets. These MIDI-information are converted to the MusicXML-format. Based on this MusicXML-notation the software finally generates and displays the visual output.
How entrepreneurs become successful with their business ideas has been a topic of discussion within entrepreneurial research circles for many years. Business success has been related to psychological characteristics and many research findings have explained how people become entrepreneurs and furthermore, how they find success in regards to their business ventures. People always wanted to know what defines an entrepreneur and more importantly, what is needed to become a successful entrepreneur. Curious minds began to search for the recipe for success. Personality Traits have been researched for years, leading to the discovery of many diverse and distinct forms which are still recognized today. Researchers compared the Behavioral Approach or the analysis of demographical characteristics to success.
This raises the question of what an entrepreneur needs to become successful which is made more difficult due to the fact that entrepreneurship and who an entrepreneur is can be difficult do define exactly. Entrepreneurs are diverse and distinct individuals that each possess their own characteristics, behavior and reasons for starting a business. Many people assume that it is just someone who starts their own business. While partially correct, this only scratches the surface of what it is to be an entrepreneur.
This thesis answers the following three research questions: 1. Which personality traits were found in the almost sixty years of researching? 2. What triggers do entrepreneurs need for starting a new business? 3. Which factor makes the entrepreneur successful with their business idea? Also, reading the thesis, one may gain a better understanding of what entrepreneurship is, what defines an entrepreneur and what one needs to become a successful entrepreneur.
In this thesis the reviewing literature method developed by Wolfswinkel et al. (2011) was used to identify suitable literature and references for the main chapters. For that the five stages of the grounded-theory method for reviewing the literature were used in an iterative fashion. In step one inclusion and exclusion criterias for literature were defined. Then literature was searched matching the criterias of step one. In step three the samples were refined. Then in step four the found literature was analyzed and coded before the results of this research was presented in the following text. Many entrepreneurial personality traits were discovered and confirmed during the studies conducted over the last sixty years, these include but are not limited to Need for Achievement, Locus of Control, or risk taking propensity. Motivation is clearly the main trigger to start your own business. During the studies reasons were discovered of how and why an entrepreneur may become successful outside of posessing the right combination of traits. For example: having human, financial and social capital, an entrepreneurial behavior and the right economic conditions to start a business that will survive for more than five years.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Fragestellung, wie eine repräsentative und aussagekräftige Vergleichbarkeit hinsichtlich der Nachhaltigkeitsleistung (Ökoeffizienz) von Unternehmen branchenunabhängig gewährleistet werden kann trotz der Problematik der Definition repräsentativer Bewertungskriterien der Nachhaltigkeit, sowie der Heterogenität der zu bewertenden Branchen. Bisherige Konzepte zu Umwelt- und Nachhaltigkeitsmanagementsystemen (z.B. EMAS, ISO 14000, ISO 26000, EMASplus), zur Umweltleistungsmessung sowie zur Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung und -berichterstattung (z.B. DNK, GRI) sind mit ihren branchenunabhängigen Formulierung zu allgemein gehalten, um für eine konkrete effizienzorientierte Messung nachhaltigen Wirtschaftens von Unternehmen geeignet zu sein.
Folglich besteht kein System zur Messung der Umweltleistung, um den Forschungsbedarf der Herstellung einer aussagekräftigen Vergleichbarkeit der Ressourcen- und Energieverbräuche der Betriebe einer heterogenen Branche zu begegnen. Angesichts dessen wurde im Rahmen der Arbeit eine allgemeine und branchenunabhängig anwendbare aber dennoch –spezifische Methodik zur Herstellung der Vergleichbarkeit von Unternehmen einer Branche hinsichtlich der Ressourcen- und Energieeffizienz entwickelt. Dabei stellt der Kern der Methodik die Generierung eines betriebsindividuellen Gesamtgewichtungsfaktors dar (GGF-Konzept), welcher als Operationalisierung der Vergleichbarkeit angesehen werden kann und damit der Problematik der Heterogenität begegnet. Die Ermittlung von Kriteriengewichtungen im Rahmen des GGF-Konzeptes kann in Analogie zu einem Entscheidungsproblem bei Mehrfachzielsetzung (Multi Criteria Decision Making – MCDM) gesehen werden, da mehrere Kriterien und Sub-Kriterien zueinander in Relation gesetzt werden mussten. Infolgedessen stellte sich der Analytische-Hierarchie-Prozess als das geeignete Verfahren im Rahmen der Methodikentwicklung heraus. Anwendung fand die Methodik in einem ersten empirischen Test anhand einer ausgewählten Stichprobe von 40 Wäschereibetrieben. Dabei zeigten die Ergebnisse auf, dass repräsentatives sowie aussagekräftiges betriebsindividuelles Benchmarking der Ressourcen- und Energieverbräuche völlig unterschiedlicher und bislang nicht vergleichbarer Betriebe möglich wurde. Hierfür mussten zunächst branchenspezifische repräsentative Bewertungskriterien der Ressourcen- und Energieeffizienz bestimmt werden. Abschließend konnten betriebsspezifische Brennpunkte identifiziert und somit Handlungsempfehlungen zur Optimierung der Ressourcen- und Energieeffizienz der Wäschereibetriebe abgeleitet werden, sodass eine zielorientierte Reduzierung des Ressourcen- und Energieverbrauchs folgen kann.