In the last decades, it became evident that the world is facing an unprecedented, human-induced global biodiversity crisis with amphibians being one of the most threatened species groups. About 41% of the amphibian species are classified as endangered by the IUCN, but even in amphibian species that are listed as "least concern", population declines can be observed on a local level. With land-use change and agrochemicals (i.e. pesticides), two of the main drivers for this amphibian decline are directly linked to intensive agriculture, which is the dominant landscape type in large parts of Europe. Thus, understanding the situation of amphibians in the agricultural landscape is crucial for conservation measures. In the present thesis, I investigated the effects of viticulture on amphibian populations around Landau in der Pfalz (Germany) in terms of habitat use, pesticide exposure, biometric traits as well as genetic and age structure. From the perspective of amphibians, land-use change means usually the destruction of habitats in agricultural landscapes, which often leads to landscape fragmentation. Thus, I followed the question if also vineyards lead to the fragmentation of the landscape and if pesticides that are frequently used in viticulture have to be considered as a factor too, so if there is a chemical landscape fragmentation. Using telemetry, I could show that common toads (Bufo bufo) can be found directly in vineyards, but that they tend to avoid them as habitat. Analysing the genetic structure of common frogs (Rana temporaria) revealed that vineyards have to be considered as a barrier for amphibians. To identify if pesticides contribute to the resulting landscape fragmentation, I conducted an arena choice experiment in the laboratory in which I found evidence for an avoidance of pesticide-contaminated soil. Such an avoidance could be one of the underlying reasons for a potential chemical landscape fragmentation. By combining telemetry data with information about pesticide applications from local wine growers, I could show that a large part of the common toads is likely to come in contact with pesticides. Further, I demonstrated that the agricultural landscape, probably due to the application of pesticides, can have negative effects on the reproduction capacity of common toads. By studying palmate newts (Lissotriton helveticus) I found that adult newts from agricultural ponds are smaller than those from forest ponds. As I did not find differences in the age structure and growth, these differences might be carry-over effects from earlier life stages. While agricultural ponds might be suitable habitats for adult palmate newts, the potential carry-over effect indicates suboptimal conditions for larvae and/or juveniles. I conclude that the best management measure for sustaining amphibians in the agricultural landscape would be a heterogeneous cultural landscape with a mosaic of different habitat patches that work without or at least a reduced amount of pesticides. Green corridors between populations and different habitats would allow migrating individuals to avoid agricultural and thus pesticide-contaminated areas. This would reduce the pesticide exposure risk of amphibians, while preventing the fragmentation of the landscape and thus the isolation of populations.

In der Biologie stellt das Zeichnen eine zentrale Arbeitstechnik dar. Viele Studien konnten auf einen positiven Effekt des Zeichnens für bestimmte Situationen hinweisen. Schülerinnen und Schüler müssen diese Technik jedoch zunächst erlernen. Hierbei können zahlreiche Schwierigkeiten auftreten, die die inhaltliche Auseinandersetzung gefährden. Jedoch wurden sowohl Schwierigkeiten im Umgang mit unterschiedlichen Repräsentationsformen als auch der Zeichenprozess bislang nur lückenhaft untersucht. Die Studie dieser Arbeit hat daher zum Ziel, (I) den Zeichenprozess auf der Ebene der Sichtstruktur zu beschreiben, (II) die manifesten Schwierigkeiten von Lernenden zu erfassen, auf die sie während der Konstruktion biologisch bedeutsamer Repräsentationsformen (Ablaufdiagramme, mikroskopische Zeichnungen) treffen, (III) und auf Grundlage der empirischen Befunde Schülertypen abzuleiten. Vor diesem Hintergrund waren 21 Schülerinnen und Schüler angehalten, jeweils ein Ablaufdiagramm auf Grundlage eines Texts und eine mikroskopische Zeichnung auf Grundlage eines Präparats zu konstruieren und dabei laut zu denken. Fragen zur Vorerfahrung sowie retrospektiv gestellte Fragen zum Vorgehen der Teilnehmenden umrahmten den videografisch dokumentierten Prozess. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Zeichenprozess mehr als zehn unterschiedliche Tätigkeiten umfassen kann, wobei die Kerntätigkeit des Zeichnens durchschnittlich nur rund ein Drittel des Prozesses ausmacht. Die Prozessstruktur zwischen Fällen variiert erheblich. Weiterhin konnten etwa 30 Schwierigkeiten bzw. Fehler identifiziert werden, die während der Konstruktion beider Repräsentationsformen auftreten. Diese können dabei sowohl einzelne als auch mehrere Tätigkeiten betreffen und zu Tätigkeitsabbrüchen führen. Schwierigkeiten stehen häufig in Verbindung mit Tätigkeiten, die außerhalb der Kerntätigkeit des Zeichnens liegen (z. B. Abgleich mit der Textgrundlage). Bezogen auf Ablaufdiagramme stellt das Verhältnis depiktional bzw. deskriptional dargestellter Textinformationen den Ausgangspunkt der Typisierung dar: Typ I: realistisch abbildend, II: alternierend abbildend und III: schriftorientiert abbildend. Für mikroskopische Zeichnungen war die Häufigkeit des Abgleichs mit dem Objekt grundlegend für die Typisierung: Typ I: oberflächlich abbildend, II: objektorientiert abbildend und III: undifferenziert detailliert abbildend. Die Studie liefert erstmals Kategoriensysteme, die es erlauben, die Prozessstruktur des Zeichnens sichtbar und zwischen Fällen vergleichbar zu machen sowie schwierigkeitsbezogenes Grundlagenwissen zur Konstruktion von Zeichnungen, basierend auf Texten und Beobachtungen. Die Übertragbarkeit der Befunde auf andere Repräsentationsformen ist an vielen Stellen denkbar. Die theoretisch fundierte Systematisierung von Schwierigkeiten kann von weiterführenden Untersuchungsansätze aufgegriffen werden und erlaubt die Verortung situationsangemessener Unterstützungsmaßnahmen.

Leaf-associated microbial decomposers as well as periphyton serve as important food sources for detritivorous and herbivorous macroinvertebrates (shredders and grazers) in streams. Shredders and grazers, in turn, provide not only collectors with food but also serve as prey for predators. Therefore, decomposer-shredder and periphyton-grazer systems (here summarized as freshwater biofilm-consumer systems) are highly important for the energy and nutrient supply in heterotrophic and autotrophic stream food webs. However, both systems can be affected by chemical stressors, amongst which antimicrobials (e.g., antibiotics, fungicides and algaecides) are of particular concern. Antimicrobials can impair shredders and grazers not only via waterborne exposure (waterborne effect pathway) but also through dietary exposure and microorganism-mediated alterations in the food quality of their diet (dietary effect pathway). Even though the relevance of the latter pathway received more attention in recent years, little is known about the mechanisms that are responsible for the observed effects in shredders and grazers. Therefore, the first objective of this thesis was to broaden the knowledge of indirect antimicrobial effects in a model shredder and grazer via the dietary pathway. Moreover, although freshwater biofilm-consumer systems are most likely exposed to antimicrobial mixtures comprised of different stressor groups, virtually nothing is known of these mixture effects in both systems. Therefore, the second objective was to assess and predict diet-related antimicrobial mixture effects in a model freshwater biofilm-consumer system. During this thesis, positive diet-related effects of a model antibiotic on the energy processing and physiology of the shredder Gammarus fossarum were observed. They were probably triggered by shifts in the leaf-associated microbial community in favor of aquatic fungi that increased the food quality of leaves for the shredder. Contrary to that, a model fungicide induced negative effects on the energy processing of G. fossarum via the dietary pathway, which can be explained by negative impacts on the microbial decomposition efficiency leading to a reduced food quality of leaf litter for gammarids. For diet-related antimicrobial effects in periphyton-grazer systems, a model algaecide altered the periphyton community composition by increasing nutritious and palatable algae. This resulted in an enhanced consumption and physiological fitness of the grazer Physella acuta. Finally, it was shown that complex horizontal interactions among leaf-associated microorganisms are involved, making diet-related antimicrobial mixture effects in the shredder G. fossarum difficult to predict. Thus, this thesis provides new insights into indirect diet-related effects of antimicrobials on shredders and grazers as well as demonstrates uncertainties of antimicrobial mixture effect predictions for freshwater biofilm-consumer systems. Moreover, the findings in this thesis are not only informative for regulatory authorities, as indirect effects and effects of mixtures across chemical classes are not considered in the environmental risk assessment of chemical substances, but also stimulate future research to close knowledge gaps identified during this work.

Agriculture requires a sustainable intensification to feed the growing world population without exacer-bating soil degradation and threatening soil quality. Globally, plastic mulching (PM) is increasingly used to improve crop growth and yields and consequently agronomic productivity. However, recent literature reported also critical aspects of PM for soil quality and showed contradictory outcomes. This might result from the numerous applications of PM in different climates across various crops, soils and agri-cultural techniques. Thus, a closer look is necessary on how PM influences soil processes under certain climate and cultivation conditions to obtain a comprehensive understanding of its effects, which is im-portant to evaluate PM in terms of a sustainable agriculture. The aim of this PhD thesis was to understand how multiannual PM influences soil properties and pro-cesses under the temperate, humid Central European cultivation conditions and to evaluate the resulting consequences for soil quality. I designed a three-year field study to investigate the influence of PM (black polyethylene, 50 μm) on microclimate, structural stability, soil organic matter (SOM) and the concentrations of selected fungicides and mycotoxins in three soil layers (0–10, 10–30 and 30–60 cm) compared to straw mulching (SM). Both mulching types were applied in a drip-irrigated ridge-furrow system in strawberry cultivation. PM shifted the soil microclimate to higher soil temperatures and lower soil moistures. The higher soil temperature seems thus to be the key factor for the increased crop growth and yields under the present humid climate. The reduced soil moisture under PM indicated that under PM the impeded rainfall infil-tration had a stronger effect on the water balance than the reduced evaporation. This indicate an ineffi-cient rainwater use in contrast to arid climates. PM changed the water cycling in the ridges from down-ward directed water flows to lateral water flows from furrows to ridges. This reduced nitrogen leaching in the topsoil (0–10 cm) in the strawberry establishment period. The plastic mulches avoided aggregate breakdown due to rapid soil wetting and excess water during rainfalls and thus maintained a loose and stable soil structure in the surface soil, which prevents soil compaction and made soil less prone to erosion. PM changed carbon fluxes and transformation so that a larger total and more stable SOM was observed. Thus, the higher belowground biomass productivity under PM compensated the impeded aboveground biomass input and the temperature-induced SOM decomposition. However, SM increased the labile and total SOM in the topsoil after the first experiment year and promoted microbial growth due to the aboveground biomass incorporation. PM reduced fungicide entry into soil compared to SM and reduced consequently the fungal biomass reduction and the biosynthesis of the mycotoxin deoxyni-valenol. The modified microclimate under PM did not increase mycotoxin occurrence. In this context, PM poses no risk for an increased soil contamination, impairing soil quality. This PhD thesis demon-strated that the PM effects on soil can vary depending on time, season and soil depth, which emphasizes the importance to include soil depth and time in future studies. Compared to semiarid and arid regions, the PM effects found in this PhD thesis were small, absent or in another way. I attributed this to the fact that PM under humid climate reduced instead of increased soil moisture and that SM had due to straw und strawberry canopy a similar ‘covering effect’ as PM. Thus, generalizing the PM effects on soil across different climates seems hardly possible as they differ in type and extent depending on climate. A differentiated consideration is hence necessary to evaluate the PM effects on soil quality. I conclude that PM under temperate, humid climate might contribute to reduce soil degradation (e.g., SOM depletion, erosion, nutrient leaching, soil compaction and soil contamina-tion), which sustains soil quality and helps to enable a sustainable agricultural intensification. However, further research is necessary (1) to support my findings on a larger scale, longer time periods and across various soil and crop types, (2) to address remaining open questions and (3) to develop optimization to overcome the critical aspects of PM (e.g. macro- and microplastic waste in soil, mulch disposal).

Today’s agriculture heavily relies on pesticides to manage diverse pests and maximise crop yields. Despite elaborate regulation of pesticide use based on a complex environmental risk assessment (ERA) scheme, the widespread use of these biologically active compounds has been shown to be a threat to the environment. For surface waters, pesticide exposure has been observed to exceed safe concentration levels and negatively impact stream ecology leading to the question whether current ERA schemes ensure a sustainable use of pesticides. To answer this, the large-scale “Kleingewässer-Monitoring” (KgM) assessed the occurrence of pesticides and related effects in 124 streams throughout Germany, Central Europe, in 2018 and 2019. Based on five scientific publications originating from the KgM, this thesis evaluated pesticide exposure in streams, ecological effects and the regulatory implications. More than 1,000 water samples were analysed for over 100 pesticide analytes to characterise occurrence patterns (publication 1). Measured concentrations and effects were used to validate the exposure and effect concentrations predicted in the ERA (publication 2). By jointly analysing real-world pesticide application data and measured pesticide mixtures in streams, the disregard of environmental pesticide mixtures in the ERA was evaluated (publication 3). The toxic potential of mixtures in stream water was additionally investigated using suspect screening for 395 chemicals and a battery of in-vitro bioassays (publication 4). Finally, the results from the KgM stream monitoring were used to assess the capability to identify pesticide risks in governmental monitoring programmes (publication 5). The results of this thesis reveal the widespread occurrence of pesticides in non-target stream ecosystems. The water samples contained a variety of pesticides occurring in complex mixtures predominantly in short-term peaks after rainfall events (publications 1 & 4). Respective pesticide concentration maxima were linked to declines in vulnerable invertebrate species and exceeded regulatory acceptable concentrations in about 80% of agricultural streams, while these thresholds were still estimated partly insufficient to protect the invertebrate community (publication 2). The co-occurrence of pesticides in streams led to a risk underestimated in the single substance-oriented ERA by a factor of about 3.2 in realistic worst-case scenarios, which is further exacerbated by a high frequency at which non-target organism are exposed to pesticides (publication 3). Stream water samples taken after rainfall caused distinct effects in bioassays which were only explainable to a minor extent by the many analytes, indicating the relevance of unknown chemical or biological mixture components (publication 4). Finally, the regulatory monitoring of surface waters under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) was found to significantly underestimate pesticide risks, as about three quarters of critical pesticides and more than half of streams at risk were overlooked (publication 5). Essentially, this thesis involves a new level of validation of the ERA of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems by assessing pesticide occurrence and environmental impacts at a scale so far unique. The overall results demonstrate that the current agricultural use of pesticides leads to significant impacts on stream ecology that go beyond the level tolerated under the ERA. This thesis identified the underestimation of pesticide exposure, the potential insufficiency of regulatory thresholds and the general inertia of the authorisation process as the main causes why the ERA fails to meet its objectives. To achieve a sustainable use of pesticides, the thesis proposes substantial refinements of the ERA. Adequate monitoring programmes such as the KgM, which go beyond current government monitoring efforts, will continue to be needed to keep pesticide regulators constantly informed of the validity of their prospective ERA, which will always be subject to uncertainty.

Wild bees are essential for the pollination of wild and cultivated plants. However, within the last decades, the increasing intensification of modern agriculture has led to both a reduction and fragmentation as well as a degradation of the habitats wild bees need. The resulting loss of pollinators and their pollination poses an immense challenge to global food production. To support wild bees, the availability of flowering resources is essential. However, the flowering period of each resource is temporally limited and has different effects on pollinators and their pollination, depending on the time of their flowering. Therefore, to efficiently promote and manage wild bee pollinators in agricultural landscapes, we identified species-specific key floral resources of three selected wild bee species and their spatial and temporal availability (CHAPTERS 2, 3 & 4). We examined, which habitat types predominantly provide these resources (CHAPTERS 3 & 4). We also investigated whether floral resource maps based on the use of these key resources and their spatial and temporal availability explain the abundance and development of the selected wild bees (CHAPTERS 3 & 4) and pollination (CHAPTER 5) better than habitat maps, that only indirectly account for the availability of floral resources. For each of the species studied, we were able to identify different key pollen sources, predominantly woody plants in the early season (April/May) and increasingly herbaceous plants in the later season (June/July; CHAPTERS 2, 3 & 4). The open woody semi-natural habitats of our agricultural landscapes provided about 75% of the floral resources for the buff-tailed bumblebees, 60% for the red mason bees, and 55% for the horned mason bees studied, although they accounted for only 3% of the area (CHAPTERS 3 & 4). In addition, fruit orchards provided about 35% of the floral resources for the horned mason bees on 4% of the landscape area (CHAPTER 3). We showed that both mason bee species benefited from the resource availability in the surrounding landscapes (CHAPTER 3). Yet this was not the case for the bumblebees (CHAPTER 4). Instead, the weight gain of their colonies, the number of developed queen cells and their colony survival were higher with increasing proximity to forests. The proximity to forests also had a positive effect on the mason bees studied (CHAPTER 3). In addition, the red mason bees benefited from herbaceous semi-natural habitats. The proportion of built-up areas had a negative effect on the horned mason bees, and the proportion of arable land on the red mason bees. The habitat maps explained horned mason bee abundances equally well as the floral resource maps, but red mason bee abundances were distinctly better explained by key floral resources. The pollination of field bean increased with higher proportions of early floral resources, whereas synchronous floral resources showed no measurable reduction in their pollination (CHAPTER 5). Habitat maps also explained field bean pollination better than floral resource maps. Here, pollination increased with increasing proportions of built-up areas in the landscapes and decreased with increasing proportions of arable land. Our results highlight the importance of the spatio-temporal availability of certain key species as resource plants of wild bees in agricultural landscapes. They show that habitat maps are ahead of, or at least equal to, spatio-temporally resolved floral resource maps in predicting wild bee development and pollination. Nevertheless, floral resource maps allow us to draw more accurate conclusions between key floral resources and the organisms studied. The proximity to forest edges had a positive effect on each of the three wild bee species studied. However, besides pure food availability, other factors seem to co-determine the occurrence of wild bees in agricultural landscapes.

The world wide decline of insects is often associated with loss of natural and semi-natural habitat caused by intensified land-use. Many insects provide important ecosystem services to agriculture, such as pest control or pollination. To efficiently promote insects on remaining semi-natural habitat we need precise knowledge of their requirements to non-crop habitat. This thesis focuses on identifying the most important semi-natural habitats (forest edges, grasslands, and semi-open habitats) for pollinators and natural enemies of crop pests with respect to their food resource requirements. Special attention is given to floral resources and their spatio-temporal distribution in agricultural landscapes. Floral resource maps might get closer at characterizing landscapes the way they are experienced by insects compared to classical habitat maps. Performance of the two map types was compared on the prediction of wild bees and natural enemies that consume nectar and pollen, identifying habitats of special importance in the process. In wild bees, influences of spatio-temporal floral resource availability were analysed as well as habitat preferences of specific groups of bees. Understanding dietary needs of natural enemies of crop pests requires additional knowledge on prey use. To this end, ladybird gut contents have been analysed by means of high-throughput sequencing for insight into aphid prey-use. Results showed, that wild bees were predicted better by floral resource maps compared to classical habitat maps. Forest edge area, as well as floral resources in forest edges had positive effects on abundance and diversity of rare bees and important crop pollinators. Similar patterns were retained for grassland diversity. Especially early floral resources seemed to have positive effects on wild bees. Crops and fruit trees produced a resource pulse in April that exceeded floral resource availability in May and June by tenfold. Most floral resources in forest edges appeared early in the season, with the highest floral density per area. Grasslands provided the lowest amount of floral resources but highest diversity, which was evenly distributed over the season. Despite natural enemies need for floral resources, classical habitat maps performed better at predicting natural enemies of crop pests compared to floral resource maps. Classical habitat maps revealed a positive effect of forest edge habitat on the abundance of pest enemies, which translated into improved aphid control. Results from gut content analysis reveal high portions of pest aphid species and nettle aphids as well as a broader insight into prey spectra retained from ladybirds collected from sticky traps compared to individuals collected by hand. The aphid specific primer designed for this purpose will be helpful for identifying aphid consumption by ladybirds in future studies. Findings of this thesis show the potential of floral resource maps for understanding interactions of wild bees and the landscape but also indicate that natural enemies are limited by other resources. I would like to highlight the positive effects of forest edges for different groups of bees as well as natural enemies and their performance on pest control.

Rivers play an important role in the global water cycle, support biodiversity and ecological integrity. However, river flow and thermal regimes are heavily altered in dammed rivers. These impacts are being exacerbated and become more apparent in rivers fragmented by multiple dams. Recent studies mainly focused on evaluating the cumulative impact of cascade reservoirs on flow or thermal regimes, but the role of upstream reservoirs in shaping the hydrology and hydrodynamics of downstream reservoirs remains poorly understood. To improve the understanding of the hydrodynamics in cascade reservoirs, long-term observational data are used in combination with numerical modeling to investigate the changes in flow and thermal regime in three cascade reservoirs at the upper reach of the Yangtze River. The three studied reservoirs are Xiluodu (XLD), Xiangjiaba (XJB) and Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). In addition, the effects of single reservoir operation (at seasonal/daily time scale) on hydrodynamics are examined in a large tributary of TGR. The results show that the inflow of TGR has been substantially altered by the two upstream reservoirs with a higher discharge in spring and winter and a reduced peak flow in summer. XJB had no obvious contribution to the variations in inflow of TGR. The seasonal water temperature of TGR was also widely affected by the upstream two reservoirs, i.e., an increase in winter and decrease in spring, associated with a delay in water temperature rise and fall. These effects will probably be intensified in the coming years due to the construction of new reservoirs. The study also underlines the importance of reservoir operation in shaping the hydrodynamics of TGR. The seasonal dynamics of density currents in a tributary bay of TGR are closely related to seasonal reservoir operations. In addition, high-frequency water level fluctuations and flow velocity variations were observed in response to periodic tributary bay oscillations, which are driven by the diurnal discharge variations caused by the operation of TGR. As another consequence of operation of cascade reservoirs, the changes in TGR inflow weakened spring thermal stratification and caused warming in spring, autumn and winter. In response to this change, the intrusions from TGR occurred more frequently as overflow and earlier in spring, which caused a sharp reduction in biomass and frequency of phytoplankton blooms in tributary bays of TGR. This study suggests that high-frequency bay oscillations can potentially be used as an efficient management strategy for controlling algal blooms, which can be included in future multi-objective ecological conservation strategies.

Internationale Bildungsstudien (TIMSS und PISA) offenbarten, dass es deutschen Schülern nur begrenzt gelingt, ihr erworbenes Wissen im Physikunterricht zur Problemlösung in neuen Kontexten zu nutzen. Als Grund nennen die Studien die gering ausgeprägte Kompetenz-erwartung in Bezug zum Fach Physik. Die Folge ist eine geringe Motivation der Lernenden, physikalische Aufgaben zu lösen. Studien zeigen aber auch, dass die Motivation beim Lernen durch den Einsatz digitaler Lernmedien gesteigert werden konnte. Aus diesem Grund wird in dieser Arbeit untersucht, ob das Vertrauen in die eigenen Fähigkeiten durch das Lernen in einer integrierten Lernumgebung gefördert werden kann. Im Rahmen eines Design-Based-Research-Forschungsansatzes (DBR) wurde eine integrierte Lernumgebung „Wärmelehre“ mit digitalen Lernmedien für den Physikunterricht gestaltet, die dann in zwei Schulformen (IGS und Gymnasium) innerhalb einer quasi-experimentellen Feldstudie erprobt wurde. Im 1. Zyklus des DBR wurden die Wirkungen des selbstständigen Lernens mit digitalen/analogen Medien in Einzelarbeit untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Wissenstests zeigen einen höheren Lernerfolg bei den Lernenden der Experimentalgruppen, der sich aber nicht signifikant von den Lernenden der Kontrollgruppen (analoge Medien) unterscheidet. Die Lernenden konnten sich in der integrierten Lernumgebung mit Unterstützung beider Medienformate selbstständig Fachwissen aneignen und problembasierte Textaufgaben lösen. Die Ergebnisse der Befragungen der Lernenden zeigen, dass sich die Lerngruppen signifikant in ihrem erlebten Grad der Selbststeuerung unterscheiden. Die Lernenden beider Experimentalgruppen bewerten ihren Handlungsspielraum besser als die Lernenden der beiden Kontrollgruppen. Ebenfalls konnte festgestellt werden, dass sich die individuellen Lernvoraussetzungen, der Lernstiltyp, das Kompetenzerleben und die Aspekte der Medien-gestaltung wechselseitig beeinflussen und auf den Lernerfolg wirken. Die Ergebnisse der Lernstilanalyse zeigen, dass sich selbst kleine Lerngruppen heterogen zusammensetzen. Demnach scheint es für einen guten Lernerfolg notwendig zu sein, dass die Lehrenden, die Lernumgebung an die individuellen Lernpräferenzen der Lernenden der Lerngruppe anpassen. Aus den Ergebnissen lässt sich als Konsequenz für den Physikunterricht ableiten, dass Selbstlernphasen mit digitalen Lernmedien regelmäßig in den Unterricht integriert werden sollten, um die Problemlöse- und die Selbststeuerungskompetenz zu fördern. Es ist von Vorteil, wenn die Lehrenden für die Gestaltung einer Lernumgebung, das Vorwissen, die individuellen Lernvoraussetzungen und die Zusammensetzung der Lerngruppe (Lernstiltyp) als Qualitätsdimensionen erfassen. Im Re-Design werden Vorschläge unterbreitet, wie die integrierte Lernumgebung lernstilgerecht weiterentwickelt werden kann. Im 2. Zyklus soll dann erforscht werden, ob sich Unterschiede im Lernerfolg und in den untersuchten Aspekten zeigen, wenn die Lernenden in Einzelarbeit, in Partnerarbeit oder in ihrer Lernstilgruppe selbstgesteuert lernen, um die Lernumgebung zyklisch weiterzuentwickeln.

Eine zutreffende Diagnose über den aktuellen Kenntnisstand der jeweiligen Schülerinnen und Schüler ist notwendig, um adäquat in Gruppenarbeitsprozesse intervenieren zu können. Von diesem Zusammenhang wird in der Literatur weit-gehend ausgegangen, jedoch gibt es bisher kaum empirische Studien, die diesen belegen. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich schwerpunktmäßig dem Interventi-onsverhalten von Studierenden. Dabei wird die prozessdiagnostische Fähigkeit „Deuten“ zugrundegelegt, um unterschiedliches Interventionsverhalten auf diese Fähigkeit zurückführen zu können. Sowohl beim Aufbau diagnostischer Fähig-keiten als auch bei der (Weiter-)Entwicklung des eigenen Lehrerhandelns gilt Reflexion als hilfreich. Entsprechend wird auch das Zusammenspiel von Pro-zessdiagnose und Reflexionsverhalten sowie von Interventionsverhalten und Reflexionsverhalten untersucht. Für die Erhebung der prozessdiagnostischen Fähigkeit „Deuten“ wurden drei Videovignetten erstellt und in das Videodiagnosetool ViviAn eingebunden. Die Videovignetten zeigen jeweils vier Schülerinnen, die sich mit dem Thema „Ter-me“ beschäftigen. Im Rahmen eines Lehr-Lern-Labores wurden über vier Se-mester hinweg alle teilnehmenden Studierenden dazu angehalten, die Videovig-netten zu bearbeiten. Ebenso konzipierten sie jeweils zu dritt eine Laborstation im Mathematik-Labor „Mathe ist mehr“ und erprobten diese mit einer Schul-klasse. Dabei wurden die Interventionen der Studierenden in die Gruppenarbeits-prozesse der Schülerinnen und Schüler videographiert. Anschließend reflektierten die Studierenden in Kleingruppen über die Erprobungen und über die getätigten Interventionen. Die Reflexionsgespräche wurden ebenfalls videographiert. Es zeigt sich, dass die Studierenden, die sich zum Zeitpunkt der Erhebung im Masterstudium befanden, noch Entwicklungsspielraum in Bezug auf ihre pro-zessdiagnostische Fähigkeit „Deuten“ besitzen. Im Hinblick auf die Interventio-nen waren responsive Interventionen häufiger angemessen als invasive Interven-tionen, wobei responsive Internvetionen auch vergleichsweise häufiger dazu führten, dass mehr Schülerinnen und Schüler nach der Intervention aktiv waren. Studierende mit höherer prozessdiagnostischer Fähigkeit „Deuten“ intervenierten jedoch häufiger invasiv und tätigten dabei trotzdem angemessenere und aktivie-rendere Interventionen als ihre Kommilitoninnen und Kommilitonen. Entspre-chend scheint sich die prozessdiagnostische Fähigkeit „Deuten“ positiv auf die Interventionen der Studierenden auszuwirken und sollte daher bereits im Rah-men des (Lehramts-)Studiums verstärkt geschult werden.