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Institut
- Fachbereich 7 (13) (entfernen)
Change of ecosystems and the associated loss of biodiversity is among the most important environmental issues. Climate change, pollution, and impoundments are considered as major drivers of biodiversity loss. Organism traits are an appealing tool for the assessment of these three stressors, due to their ability to provide mechanistic links between organism responses and stressors, and consistency over wide geographical areas.
Additionally, traits such as feeding habits influence organismal performance and ecosystem processes. Although the response of traits of specific taxonomic groups to stressors is known, little is known about the response of traits of different taxonomic groups to stressors. Additionally, little is known about the effects of small impoundments on stream ecosystem processes, such as leaf litter decomposition, and food webs.
After briefly introducing the theoretical background and objectives of the studies, this thesis begins by synthesizing the responses of traits of different taxonomic groups to climate change and pollution. Based on 558 peer-reviewed studies, the uniformity (i.e., convergence) in trait response across taxonomic groups was evaluated through meta-analysis (Chapter 2). Convergence was primarily limited to traits related to tolerance.
In Chapter 3, the hypothesis that small impoundments would modify leaf litter decomposition rates at the sites located within the vicinity of impoundments, by altering habitat variables and invertebrate functional feeding groups (FFGs) (i.e., shredders), was tested. Leaf litter decomposition rates were significantly reduced at the study sites located immediately upstream (IU) of impoundments, and were significantly related to the abundance of invertebrate shredders.
In Chapter 4, the invertebrate FFGs were used to evaluate the effect of small impoundments on stream ecosystem attributes. The results showed that heterotrophic production was significantly reduced at the sites IU. With regard to food webs, the contribution of methane gas derived carbon to the biomass of chironomid larvae was evaluated through correlation of stable carbon isotope values of chironomid larvae and methane gas concentrations.
The results indicated that the contribution of methane gas derived carbon into stream benthic food web is low. In conclusion, traits are a useful tool in detecting ecological responses to stressors across taxonomic groups, and the effects of small impoundments on stream ecological integrity and food web are limited.
Ein grundlegendes Verständnis der Anlagerung von künstlich hergestellten Nanopartikeln ist für die Prognose des Schicksals und Transports von Nanopartikeln in der Umwelt unerlässlich.
In dieser Arbeit wurde die Anlagerung von unbedeckten und mit Citrat bedeckten Silbernanopartikeln an unterschiedliche Modell- und Umweltoberflächen in An- und Abwesenheit der Huminsäure untersucht.
Für diese Untersuchungen wurden Sorptionsexperimente durchgeführt. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es zu untersuchen, wie die Silbernanopartikel mit Oberflächen wechselwirken, die verschiedene chemische funktionelle Gruppen besitzen. Dabei wurde ebenfalls der Effekt der Huminsäure auf die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Partikel und Oberfläche untersucht. Die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Nanopartikel und Oberfläche sind in Abwesenheit der Huminsäure wahrscheinlich durch die chemische Natur der wechselwirkenden Oberflächen beeinflusst. In Anwesenheit der Huminsäure wurde diese chemische Sensitivität gegen Anlagerung von Nanopartikeln nicht beobachtet und die Sorption war durch die spezifische Oberfläche von Sorbentien beeinflusst. Die Sorptionsisothermen wurden für die Sorption von Silbernanopartikeln an allen Oberflächen in Abwesenheit der Huminsäure durch Langmuir-Modell beschrieben. Das deutete auf Monoschicht-Sorption der Nanopartikel an Oberflächen hin. Das kann durch den bei der Partikel-Partikel-Abstoßung generierten blockierenden Effekt erklärt werden. In Anwesenheit der Huminsäure zeigten alle Sorptionsisothermen ein lineares Verhalten. Wenn die Huminsäure im Wechselwirkungsmedium vorhanden war, waren die Nanopartikel und Oberflächen mit Huminsäure bedeckt. Dadurch wird die chemische Funktionalität von Oberflächen maskiert. Das führt zu den Unterschieden zwischen Partikel-Oberfläche-Wechselwirkungen in An- und Abwesenheit der Huminsäure. Die mit Citrat und Huminsäure bedeckten Silbernanopartikel zeigten eine Abnahme der Sorption an Oberflächen im Vergleich zu unbedeckten Silbernanopartikeln. Im Falle der mit Citrat bedeckten Silbernanopartikel kann die Abnahme der Sorption durch elektrostatische Kräfte erklärt werden, da diese Partikel ein mehr negatives Zetapotential zeigten. Die Sorptionsabnahme für die mit Huminsäure bedeckten Nanopartikel ist offensichtlich eine Folge der sterischen Behinderung, da es auf Grund der Sorption der Huminsäure an Oberflächen zur Konkurrenz zwischen Nanopartikeln und Huminsäuremolekülen für die Sorptionsplätze kommt. Durch die chemischen Eigenschaften der Nanopartikeloberfläche wird die Effizienz der Anlagerung an Oberflächen beeinflusst. Deswegen ist die Charakterisierung der Nanopartikeloberfläche ein wichtiger Schritt bei der Untersuchung des Schicksals von Nanopartikeln in der Umwelt.
Ein anderes Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es das Potential der chemischen Kraftmikroskopie für die Charakterisierung von Nanopartikeloberflächen mit chemischer Sensitivität zu zeigen. Durch die Anwendung dieser Methode war es möglich zwischen unbedeckten, mit Citrat und Huminsäure bedeckten Silbernanopartikeln zu unterscheiden. Das wurde durch die Messung der Adhäsionskräfte zwischen Nanopartikeln und fünf verschiedenen Atomkraftmikroskope-Spitzen mit unterschiedlichen chemischen Funktionalisierungen ermöglicht.
Global crop production increased substantially in recent decades due to agricultural intensification and expansion and today agricultural areas occupy about 38% of Earth’s terrestrial surface - the largest use of land on the planet. However, current high-intensity agricultural practices fostered in the context of the Green Revolution led to serious consequences for the global environment. Pesticides, in particular, are highly biologically active substances that can threaten the ecological integrity of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Although the global pesticide use increases steadily, our field-data based knowledge regarding exposure of non-target ecosystems such as surface waters is very restricted. Available studies have by now been limited to spatially restricted geographical areas or had rather specific objectives rendering the extrapolation to larger spatial scales questionable.
Consequently, this thesis evaluated based on four scientific publications the exposure, effects, and regulatory implications of particularly toxic insecticides` concentrations detected in global agricultural surface waters. FOCUS exposure modelling was used to characterise the highly specific insecticide exposure patterns and to analyse the resulting implications for both monitoring and risk assessment (publication I). Based on more than 200,000 scientific database entries, 838 peer-reviewed studies finally included, and more than 2,500 sites in 73 countries, the risks of agricultural insecticides to global surface waters were analysed by means of a comprehensive meta-analysis (publication II). This meta-analysis evaluated whether insecticide field concentrations exceed legally accepted regulatory threshold levels (RTLs) derived from official EU and US pesticide registration documents and, amongst others, how risks depend on insecticide development over time and stringency of environmental regulation. In addition, an in-depth analysis of the current EU pesticide regulations provided insights into the level of protection and field relevance of highly elaborated environmental regulatory risk assessment schemes (publications III and IV).
The results of this thesis show that insecticide surface water exposure is characterized by infrequent and highly transient concentration peaks of high ecotoxicological relevance. We thus argue in publication I that sampling based on regular intervals is inadequate for the detection of insecticide surface water concentrations and that traditional risk assessment concepts based on all insecticide concentrations including non-detects lead to severely biased results and critical underestimations of risks. Based on these considerations, publication II demonstrates that out of 11,300 measured insecticide concentrations (MICs; i.e., those actually detected and quantified), 52.4% (5,915 cases; 68.5%) exceeded the RTL for either water (RTLSW) or sediments. This indicates a substantial risk for the biological integrity of global water resources as additional analyses on pesticide effects in the field clearly evidence that the regional aquatic biodiversity is reduced by approximately 30% at pesticide concentrations equalling the RTLs. In addition, publication II shows that there is a complete lack of scientific monitoring data for ~90% of global cropland and that both the actual insecticide contamination of surface waters and the resulting ecological risks are most likely even greater due to, for example, inadequate sampling methods employed in the studies and the common occurrence of pesticide mixtures. A linear model analysis identified that RTLSW exceedances depend on the catchment size, sampling regime, sampling date, insecticide substance class, and stringency of countries` environmental regulations, as well as on the interactions of these factors. Importantly, the risks are significantly higher for newer-generation insecticides (i.e., pyrethroids) and are high even in countries with stringent environmental regulations. Regarding the latter, an analysis of the EU pesticide regulations revealed critical deficiencies and the lack of protectiveness and field-relevance for current presumed highly elaborated FOCUS exposure assessment (publication IV) and overall risk assessment schemes (publication III). Based on these findings, essential risk assessment amendments are proposed.
In essence, this thesis analyses the agriculture–environment linkages for pesticides at the global scale and it thereby contributes to a new research frontier in global ecotoxicology. The overall findings substantiate that agricultural insecticides are potential key drivers for the global freshwater biodiversity crisis and that the current regulatory risk assessment approaches for highly toxic anthropogenic chemicals fail to protect the global environment. This thesis provides an integrated view on the environmental side effects of global high-intensity agriculture and alerts that beside worldwide improvements to current pesticide regulations and agricultural pesticide application practices, the fundamental reformation of conventional agricultural systems is urgently needed to meet the twin challenges of providing sufficient food for a growing human population without destroying the ecological integrity of global ecosystems essential to human existence.