Fachbereich 7
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Institute
Carabids, which are frequently distributed in agricultural landscapes, are natural enemies of different pests including slugs. Semi-natural habitats are known to affect carabids and thus, their potential to support natural pest control.
The impact of semi-natural habitats was investigated on carabids and slugs within different non-crop habitats (chapter 2). Most carabids and Deroceras reticulatum showed preferences for herbaceous semi-natural habitats, while Arion spp. occured mainly in woody habitats. An increase of predatory carabid abundance, which was linked to an inclining amount of semi-natural habitats in the landscape, and a decrease of Arion spp. densities, indicated a high potential for slug control in structural rich landscapes.
Effects of semi-natural habitats were investigated on predatory carabids and slugs in 18 wheat fields (chapter 3). Predatory carabid species richness was positively affected by the increasing amount of semi-natural habitats in the landscape, whereas predatory carabid abundance was neither influenced by adjacent habitat type nor by the proportion of semi-natural habitats in the landscape. The target pest species showed divergent patterns, whereas Arion spp. densities were highest in structural poor landscapes near woody margins. D. reticulatum was not affected by habitat type or landscape, reflecting its adaptation to agriculture. Results indicate an increased control of Arion spp. by carabids in landscapes with a high amount of semi-natural habitats.
Effects of semi-natural habitats and the influence of farming system was tested on carabid distribution within 18 pumpkin fields (chapter 4). Carabid species richness generally increased with decreasing distance to the field margins, whereas carabid abundance responded differently according to the adjacent habitat type. Farming system had no effect on carabids and landscape heterogeneity only affected carabids in organic pumpkin fields.
Slug and slug egg predation of three common carabid species was tested in single and double species treatments in the laboratory (chapter 5). Results show additive and synergistic effects depending on the carabid species. In general, semi-natural habitats can enhance the potential of slug control by carabids. This counts especially for Arionid slugs. Semi-natural habitats can support carabid communities by providing shelter, oviposition and overwintering sites as wells as complementary food sources. Therefore, it is important to provide a certain amount of non-crop habitats in agricultural landscapes.
The aquatic environment is exposed to multiple environmental pressures and mixtures of chemical substances, among them petroleum and petrochemicals, metals, and pesticides. Aquatic invertebrate communities are used as bioindicators to reflect long-term and integral effects. Information on the presence of species can be supplemented with information on their traits. SPEAR-type bioindicators integrate such trait information on the community level.
This thesis aimed at enhancing specificity of SPEAR-type bioindicators towards particular groups of chemicals, namely to mixtures of oil sands-derived compounds, hydrocarbons, and metals.
For developing a bioindicator for discontinuous contamination with oil-derived organic toxicants, a field study was conducted in the Canadian oil sands development region in Northern Alberta. The traits ‘physiological sensitivity towards organic chemicals’ and ‘generation time’ were integrated to develop the bioindicator SPEARoil, reflecting the community sensitivity towards oil sands derived contamination in relation to fluctuating hydrological conditions.
According to the SPEARorganic approach, a physiological sensitivity ranking of taxa was developed for hydrocarbon contamination originating from crude oil or petroleum distillates. For this purpose, ecotoxicological information from acute laboratory tests was enriched with rapid and mesocosm test results. The developed Shydrocarbons sensitivity values can be used in SPEAR-type bioindicators.
To specifically reflect metal contamination in streams via bioindicators, Australian field studies were re-evaluated with focus on the traits ‘physiological metal sensitivity’ and ‘feeding type’. Metal sensitivity values, however, explained community effects in the field only weakly. Instead, the trait ‘feeding type’ was strongly related to metal exposure. The fraction of predators in a community can, thus, serve as an indicator for metal contamination in the field.
Furthermore, several metrics reflecting exposure to chemical cocktails in the environment were compared using existing pesticide datasets. Exposure metrics based on the 5% fraction of species sensitivity distributions were found to perform best, however, closely followed by Toxic Unit metrics based on the most sensitive species of a community or Daphnia magna.
Soil organic matter (SOM) is a key component responsible for sequestration of organic molecules in soil and regulation of their mobility in the environment. The basic structure of SOM is a supramolecular assembly responding dynamically to the environmental factors and the presence of interacting molecules. Despite of the advances in the understanding of sorption processes, the relation between sorbate molecules, SOM supramolecular structure and its dynamics is limited. An example of a dynamic nature of SOM is a physicochemical matrix aging that is responsible for SOM structural arrangement. The underlying process of the physicochemical aging is the formation of water molecule bridges (WaMB) between functional groups of molecular segments. Since WaMB influence the stiffness of SOM structure, it was hypothesized that formation of WaMB contributes to the sequestration of organic molecules. However, this hypothesis has not been tested experimentally until now. Furthermore, the knowledge about the influence of organic molecules on WAMB is based solely on computer modeling studies. In addition, the influence of organic molecules on some physical phases forming SOM is not well understood. Especially, the interactions between organic molecules and crystalline phases represented by aliphatic crystallites, are only presumed. Thus, the investigation of those interactions in unfractioned SOM is of high importance.
In order to evaluate the involvement of WaMB in the sequestration of organic molecules and to increase our understanding about interactions of organic chemicals with WaMB or aliphatic crystallites, the following hypotheses were tested experimentally. 1) Similarly to crystalline phases in synthetic polymers, aliphatic crystallites, as a part of SOM, cannot be penetrated by organic molecules. 2) The stability of WaMB is determined by the ability of surrounding molecules to interact with water forming WaMB. 3) WaMB prevent organic molecules to leave the SOM matrix and contribute thus to their immobilization. In order to test the hypotheses 1 and 2, a set of experiments including treatment of soils with chosen chemicals was prepared. Interaction abilities of these chemicals were characterized using interaction parameters from the Linear Solvation Energy Relationship theory. WaMB characteristics were monitored using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) allowing to measure the WaMB thermal stability and the rigidity of SOM matrix; which in turn was determined by the heat capacity change. In addition, DSC and 13C NMR spectroscopy assessed thermal properties and the structure of aliphatic crystallites. The spiking of samples with a model compound, phenol, and measurements of its desorption allowed to link parameters of the desorption kinetics with WaMB characteristics.
The investigation showed that the WaMB stability is significantly reduced by the presence of molecules with H-donor/acceptor interaction abilities. The matrix rigidity associated with WaMB was mainly influenced by the McGowan’s volume of surrounding molecules, suggesting the importance of dispersion forces. The desorption kinetics of phenol followed a first order model with two time constants. Both of them showed a relation with WaMB stability, which supports the hypothesis that WaMB contribute to the physical immobilization of organic molecules. The experiments targeted to the crystallites revealed their structural change from the ordered to the disordered state, when in contact with organic chemicals. This manifested in their melting point depression and the decrease of overall crystallinity. Described structural changes were caused by molecules interacting with specific as well as non-specific forces, which suggests that aliphatic crystallites can be penetrated and modified by molecules with a broad range of interaction abilities.
This work shows that chosen organic molecules interact with constituents of SOM as exemplified on WaMB and aliphatic crystallites, and cause measurable changes of their structure and properties. These findings show that the relevance of aliphatic crystallites for sorption in soil may have been underestimated. The results support the hypothesis that physicochemical matrix aging significantly contributes to the immobilization of organic chemicals in SOM.
Während es eine Vielzahl von Arbeiten zu der technologischen Entwicklung im Bereich der erneuerbaren Energien gibt, fehlt es jedoch bislang an einer mikroökonomischen Analyse
der Verhaltensmuster der Akteure im Umfeld von Anlagen nach dem EEG. Als Akteure kommen hier in erster Linie der Anlagenbetreiber selbst und der Staat in Betracht.
Im Hinblick auf Anlagenbetrieb und Vergütung der erzeugten Energie können beide mit unterschiedlichsten Interessen und Nutzenkalkülen aufeinander treffen. Diese Arbeit untersucht
mikroökonomische Aspekte des EEG-Förderungssystems. Im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung stehen die Förderungsmechanismen für Biogasanlagen, die im Hinblick auf mögliche Prinzipal-Agenten-Konflikte einer Untersuchung unterzogen werden.
Die Vermeidung von Lebensmittelabfällen als nicht-technische Strategie zur Umsetzung der Bioökonomie
(2018)
Das Konzept der Bioökonomie beruht auf der Vision einer Wirtschaft, die durch die bevorzugte Verwendung biogener Rohstoffe unabhängiger wird von der Nutzung fossiler Quellen und gleichzeitig einen Beitrag zu Klima- und Ressourcenschutz, Ernährungssicherung und Stärkung der heimischen Wirtschaft leisten kann. Da die land- und forstwirtschaftliche Bio-masseproduktion aufgrund knapper Flächen jedoch begrenzt ist und sich bereits heute die negativen Folgen einer verstärkten Nachfrage zeigen, wird bezweifelt, dass sich die Vision in nachhaltiger Weise realisieren lässt. Offizielle Bioökonomie-Strategien setzen auf einen Technik-basierten Umsetzungspfad, in der Hoffnung, mit Hilfe technischer Innovationen Biomasseproduktion und Umweltverbrauch zu entkoppeln. Kritiker aus Wissenschaft und Zivilgesellschaft stehen diesem Weg skeptisch gegenüber. Sie befürchten, dass Effizienzsteigerungen und die Entwicklung neuer, umweltverträglicher Konversionsprozesse nicht ausreichen werden, um potentiell negative Folgen einer verstärkten Biomassenutzung abzuwenden. Angesichts der natürlichen Grenzen der Biosphäre sehen sie vor allem nicht-technische Ansätze zur Veränderung von Produktions- und Konsummustern als unverzichtbare Voraus-setzungen an. Mit der Formulierung eines sozial-ökologischen Umsetzungspfads wird eine Modifizierung des Bioökonomie-Konzepts gefordert, von einem bloßen Wandel der Ressourcenbasis hin zu einer umfassenden gesellschaftlichen Transformation, mit dem Ziel, Ressourcenverbrauch und Rohstoffproduktion neu zu justieren.
Die Arbeit stellt anhand des Beispiels der Lebensmittelabfälle die Bedeutung nicht-technischer Ansätze für die Realisierung der Bioökonomie heraus. Die Basis bilden fünf Publikationen, von denen sich drei mit dem Aufkommen von Lebensmittelabfällen, den Ursachen ihrer Entstehung und möglichen Vermeidungsstrategien befassen. Die anderen beiden Veröffentlichungen behandeln Flächenkonkurrenzen in der Landwirtschaft sowie Implementierungspfade der Bioökonomie. Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Schluss, dass der Beitrag von Lebensmittelabfällen zur Bioökonomie auf zwei Weisen denkbar ist: Entweder können diese als Ausgangsstoff für die Biogasproduktion oder die Bioraffinerie genutzt werden, was der aktuell vorherrschenden Vorstellung entspricht. Oder es können durch eine Reduktion des Abfallaufkommens Ressourcen, die bisher in die Bereitstellung nicht konsumierter Lebensmittel flossen, für andere Biomassenutzungen freigesetzt werden.
Die Analyse des Abfallaufkommens und der damit verbundenen Umweltwirkungen, aber auch vorhandene Studien über die ökologischen Wirkungen von Abfallvermeidungs- und verwertungsoptionen zeigen, dass die Vermeidung unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Ressourceneffizienz die sinnvollere Option darstellt. Die Arbeit hebt das Potenzial hervor, das sich aus der Berücksichtigung einer Reduktion von Lebensmittelabfällen für die Bioökonomie ergeben könnte. So ist denkbar, dass durch einen effizienteren Umgang mit den bereits produzierten Nahrungsmitteln Ressourcen freigesetzt werden können, die den Spielraum für die Realisierung der Bioökonomie verbessern würden oder aber Perspektiven entstehen für alternative Formen des Landbaus, die eine umweltverträglichere Biomasseproduktion ermöglichen könnten. Da nicht-technische Ansätze in der aktuellen Bioökonomie-Debatte kaum Berücksichtigung finden, besteht Bedarf, diese in das politische Konzept der Bioökonomie einzubeziehen und den wissenschaftlichen Diskurs für diese Aspekte zu öffnen.
Assessment of renewable energy potentials based on GIS. A case study in southwest region of Russia
(2018)
In the present thesis, the initial conditions for the development of RES potentials for the production of wind, solar and biomass energy in the Krasnodar region (southwestern region of the Russian Federation) are examined using a multi-criteria assessment methodology. For the assessment of the RES potentials at regional scale, the prosed multi-criteria methodology based on the geographic information systems (GIS) and has been complemented by the evaluation and analysis of primary and secondary data as well as economic calculations relevant related to economic feasibility of RES projects.