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Purpose: Leader-follower communication plays an important role in all organizations. However, research on school leadership did not focus on communication competency (CC) and its impact on school quality (e.g. on teachers' commitment, job satisfaction) so far; there is a striking lack of theory and empirical data. Therefore, this paper describes the development and validation of a standardized measure for CC of school principals. It is based on a theoretical framework with LMX as a communication-based approach to leadership and an interpersonal communication process model. Design/Methodology: CC was conceptualized as a 3-dimensional construct. Five studies were conducted with German teachers and school principals from all types of schools (total N=1649): selection of items via expert ratings, exploring the dimensionality, cross-validation of the structure, test-retest-reliability, external validity. Results: Analyses led to a 3-factor solution - Altercentrism, Knowledge and Willingness to Communicate, Self-Regulation - with 14 items and good internal consistencies. CFA, exploring the nomological network, and invariance measurement supported construct validity. Limitations: Empirical studies still have to be conducted to evaluate the application in other leader - follower contexts apart from school. Research/Practical Implications: The measure and the theoretical framework can be applied for analyzing principal - teacher interactions in detail and for detecting problems in communication processes. The measure can also be used for feedback processes and for demand-oriented trainings.Originality/Value: For the first time, this paper explicitly combines the concepts of CC and leadership in schools and provides a measure within a theoretical framework to assess principals' CC. Such a valid instrument is the prerequisite for further investigating the importance of CC in the context of (school) leadership.
In einem randomisierten Kontrollgruppen-Design wurde die Wirksamkeit zweier ambulanter psychologischer Tinnitus-Therapien (12-wöchige psychologische Tinnitus-Therapie (PTT) sowie 4-wöchige psychologische Kurzzeit-Tinnitus-Therapie (KPTT)) miteinander verglichen. Die Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit erfolgte mittels folgender Parameter: Tinnitusbelastung, subjektive Lautheit, Dauer der Tinnituswahrnehmung, Tinnitusbelästigung, Copingfähigkeit, Stimmung, Depressivität, Schlaf und Kontrollüberzeugung. An der Studie nahmen 90 Patienten mit chronischem Tinnitus teil, die zufällig der PTT, der KPTT oder einer Wartekontrollgruppe (WKG) zugeteilt wurden. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte zu drei Messzeitpunkten: vor Therapiebeginn, nach Therapieende sowie 6 Monate nach Therapieende. Beide Interventionen führen zur signifikanten Reduktion der Tinnitusbelastung, der subjektiv wahrgenommenen Lautheit, der Dauer der Tinnituswahrnehmung und der Tinnitusbelästigung. Weiterhin führen beide Therapien zum Erlernen und zur Anwendung von effektiven Copingstrategien und damit auch zur Erhöhung der Kontrollüberzeugung. Alle berichteten Verbesserungen bleiben auch 6 Monate nach dem Therapieende stabil. Nachdem in der WKG nach 4 und nach 12 Wochen keine signifikanten Veränderungen beobachtet werden konnten, sind die Veränderungen in den Therapiegruppen in den o.g. Variablen als Therapieeffekte zu sehen. Keine der beiden Interventionen führt zu einer signifikanten Veränderung des Schlafes und der Stimmung. Als einziger signifikanter Prädiktor des Therapieerfolgs hat sich die Tinnitusdauer herausgestellt. Während die PTT unabhängig von der Tinnitusdauer zu einer Reduktion der Tinnitusbelastung führt, ist die KPTT umso wirksamer, je kürzer die Tinnitusdauer ist. Das Vorhandensein einer komorbiden psychischen Störung, die Ausgangsbelastung sowie die Veränderungsbereitschaft beeinflussen die Therapiewirksamkeit nicht. Da sich diese beiden ambulanten psychologischen Tinnitus-Therapien nicht in ihrer Wirksamkeit und in ihren langfristigen Auswirkungen voneinander unterscheiden, kann resümiert werden, dass beide gut für eine ambulante psychologische Behandlung von Patienten mit chronischem Tinnitus geeignet sind. Die kürzere KPTT ist jedoch aufgrund des niedrigeren Zeit- und Kostenaufwandes als effizienter zu bewerten.
In dieser Arbeit wurde die Realisierung einer mobilen Sicherheitslösung für Überwachungszwecke vorgestellt, welche unter Zuhilfenahme des staatlich geförderten Forschungsprojekts CamInSens entwickelt wurde. CamInSens soll erreichen, in überwachten Gefahrenbereichen die erhaltenen Video- und Sensorendaten so zu analysieren, dass Bedrohungen möglichst frühzeitig erkannt und behandelt werden können. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war, auf Basis von verarbeiteten Daten aus CamInSens eine Interaktion und Visualisierung zu entwickeln, die bei einem späteren Praxiseinsatz mobilem Sicherheitspersonal dabei hilft, in Bedrohungssituationen fundierte Entscheidungen treffen zu können. Zu diesem Zweck wurde nicht nur eine Software implementiert, sondern auch eine Marktsichtung hinsichtlich geeigneter Geräte und einsetzbarer Softwarebibliotheken durchgeführt.
Virtual Goods + ODRL 2012
(2012)
This is the 10th international workshop for technical, economic, and legal aspects of business models for virtual goods incorporating the 8th ODRL community group meeting. This year we did not call for completed research results, but we invited PhD students to present and discuss their ongoing research work. In the traditional international group of virtual goods and ODRL researchers we discussed PhD research from Belgium, Brazil, and Germany. The topics focused on research questions about rights management in the Internet and e-business stimulation. In the center of rights management stands the conception of a formal policy expression that can be used for human readable policy transparency, as well as for machine readable support of policy conformant systems behavior up to automatic policy enforcement. ODRL has proven to be an ideal basis for policy expressions, not only for digital copy rights, but also for the more general "Policy Awareness in the World of Virtual Goods". In this sense, policies support the communication of virtual goods, and they are a virtualization of rules-governed behavior themselves.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Effizienz von Anfragen an OWL-Ontologien und Anfragen an TGraphen evaluiert. Dabei wurden die zwei unterschiedlichen Transformationsverfahren Schema-Aware Mapping und Simple Mapping getestet. Bei der Transformation einer OWL-Ontologie in einen TGraphen über Schema-Aware Mapping werden ein TGraph-Schema und ein TGraph erzeugt. Im Gegensatz zu Schema-rnAware Mapping besitzt Simple Mapping ein schon vordefiniertes TGraph-Schema, das für alle OWLOntologien anwendbar ist. Damit wird bei der Transformation einer OWL-Ontologie in einen TGraphen über Simple Mapping nur ein TGraph - kein TGraph-Schema - generiert. Mit den Verfahren wurden entsprechend auch SPARQL-Anfragen in GReQL-Anfragen transformiert.
Based on dual process models of information processing, the present research addressed how explicit disgust sensitivity is re-adapted according to implicit disgust sensitivity via self-perception of automatic behavioral cues. Contrary to preceding studies (Hofmann, Gschwendner, & Schmitt, 2009) that concluded that there was a "blind spot" for self- but not for observer perception of automatic behavioral cues, in the present research, a re-adaption process was found for self-perceivers and observers. In Study 1 (N = 75), the predictive validity of an indirect disgust sensitivity measure was tested with a double-dissociation strategy. Study 2 (N = 117) reinvestigated the hypothesis that self-perception of automatic behavioral cues, predicted by an indirect disgust sensitivity measure, led to a re-adaption of explicit disgust sensitivity measures. Using a different approach from Hofmann et al. (2009), the self-perception procedure was modified by (a) feeding back the behavior several times while a small number of cues had to be rated for each feedback condition, (b) using disgust sensitivity as a domain with clearly unequivocal cues of automatic behavior (facial expression, body movements) and describing these cues unambiguously, and (c) using a specific explicit disgust sensitivity measure in addition to a general explicit disgust sensitivity measure. In Study 3 (N = 130), the findings of Study 2 were replicated and display rules and need for closure as moderator effects of predictive validity and cue utilization were additionally investigated. The moderator effects give hints that both displaying a disgusted facial expression and self-perception of one- own disgusted facial expression are subject to a self-serving bias, indicating that facial expression may not be an automatic behavior. Practical implications and implications for future research are discussed.
Dualizing marked Petri nets results in tokens for transitions (t-tokens). A marked transition can strictly not be enabled, even if there are sufficient "enabling" tokens (p-tokens) on its input places. On the other hand, t-tokens can be moved by the firing of places. This permits flows of t-tokens which describe sequences of non-events. Their benefiit to simulation is the possibility to model (and observe) causes and effects of non-events, e.g. if something is broken down.
Technical products have become more than practical tools to us. Mobile phones, for example, are a constant companion in daily life. Besides purely pragmatic tasks, they fulfill psychological needs such as relatedness, stimulation, competence, popularity, or security. Their potential for the mediation of positive experience makes interactive products a rich source of pleasure. Research acknowledged this: in parallel to the hedonic/utilitarian model in consumer research, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) researchers broadened their focus from mere task-fulfillment (i.e., the pragmatic) to a holistic view, encompassing a product's ability for need-fulfillment and positive experience (i.e., the hedonic). Accordingly, many theoretical models of User Experience (UX) acknowledge both dimensions as equally important determinants of a product's appeal: pragmatic attributes (e.g., usability) as well as hedonic attributes (e.g., beauty). In choice situations, however, people often overemphasize the pragmatic, and fail to acknowledge the hedonic. This phenomenon may be explained by justification. Due to their need for justification, people attend to the justifiability of hedonic and pragmatic attributes rather than to their impact on experience. Given that pragmatic attributes directly contribute to task-fulfillment, they are far easier to justify than hedonic attributes. People may then choose the pragmatic over the hedonic, despite a true preference for the hedonic. This can be considered a dilemma, since people choose what is easy to justify and not what they enjoy the most. The present thesis presents a systematic exploration of the notion of a hedonic dilemma in the context of interactive products.
A first set of four studies explored the assumed phenomenon. Study 1 (N = 422) revealed a reluctance to pay for a hedonic attribute compared to a pragmatic attribute. Study 2 (N = 134) demonstrated that people (secretly) prefer a more hedonic product, but justify their choice by spurious pragmatic advantages. Study 3 (N = 118) confronted participants with a trade-off between hedonic and pragmatic quality. Even though the prospect of receiving a hedonic product was related to more positive affect, participants predominantly chose the pragmatic, especially those with a high need for justification. This correlation between product choice and perceived need for justification lent further support to the notion that justification lies at the heart of the dilemma. Study 4 (N = 125) explored affective consequences and justifications provided for hedonic and pragmatic choice. Data on positive affect suggested a true preference for the hedonic - even among those who chose the pragmatic product.
A second set of three studies tested different ways to reduce the dilemma by manipulating justification. Manipulations referred to the justifiability of attributes as well as the general need for justification. Study 5 (N = 129) enhanced the respective justifiability of hedonic and pragmatic choice by ambiguous product information, which could be interpreted according to latent preferences. As expected, enhanced justifiability led to an increase in hedonic but not in pragmatic choice. Study 6 (N = 178) manipulated the justifiability of hedonic choice through product information provided by a "test report", which suggested hedonic attributes as legitimate. Again, hedonic choice increased with increased justifiability. Study 7 (N = 133) reduced the general need for justification by framing a purchase as gratification. A significant positive effect of the gratification frame on purchase rates occurred for a hedonic but not for a pragmatic product.
Altogether, the present studies revealed a desire for hedonic attributes, even in interactive products, which often are still understood as purely pragmatic "tools". But precisely because of this predominance of pragmatic quality, people may hesitate to give in to their desire for hedonic quality in interactive products - at least, as long as they feel a need for justification. The present findings provide an enhanced understanding of the complex consequences of hedonic and pragmatic attributes, and indicate a general necessity to expand the scope of User Experience research to the moment of product choice. Limitations of the present studies, implications for future research as well as practical implications for design and marketing are discussed.
Web-programming is a huge field of different technologies and concepts. Each technology implements a web-application requirement like content generation or client-server communication. Different technologies within one application are organized by concepts, for example architectural patterns. The thesis describes an approach for creating a taxonomy about these web-programming components using the free encyclopaedia Wikipedia. Our 101companies project uses implementations to identify and classify the different technology sets and concepts behind a web-application framework. These classifications can be used to create taxonomies and ontologies within the project. The thesis also describes, how we priorize useful web-application frameworks with the help of Wikipedia. Finally, the created implementations concerning web-programming are documented.
Education and training of the workforce have become an important competitive factor for companies because of the rapid technological changes in the economy and the corresponding ever shorter innovation cycles. Traditional training methods, however, are limited in terms of meeting the resulting demand for education and training in a company, which continues to grow and become faster all the time. Therefore, the use of technology-based training programs (that is, courseware) is increasing because courseware enables self-organized and self-paced learning and, through integration into daily work routines, allows optimal transfer of knowledge and skills, resulting in high learning outcome. To achieve these prospects, high-quality courseware is required, with quality being defined as supporting learners optimally in achieving their learning goals. Developing high-quality courseware, however, usually requires more effort and takes longer than developing other programs, which limits the availability of this courseware in time and with the required quality.
This dissertation therefore deals with the research question of how courseware has to be developed in order to produce high-quality courseware with less development effort and shorter project duration. In addition to its high quality, this courseware should be optimally aligned to the characteristics and learning goals of the learners as well as to the planned usage scenarios for the knowledge and skills being trained. The IntView Method for the systematic and efficient development of high-quality courseware was defined to answer the research question of this dissertation. It aims at increasing the probability of producing courseware in time without exceeding project schedules and budgets while developing a high-quality product optimally focused on the target groups and usage scenarios.
The IntView Methods integrates those execution variants of all activities and activity steps required to develop high-quality courseware, which were identified in a detailed analysis of existing courseware development approaches as well as production approaches from related fields, such as multimedia, web, or software engineering, into a systematic process that in their interaction constitute the most efficient way to develop courseware. The main part of the proposed method is therefore a systematic process for engineering courseware that encompasses all courseware lifecycle phases and integrates the activities and methods of all disciplines involved in courseware engineering, including a lifecycle encompassing quality assurance, into a consolidated process. This process is defined as a lifecycle model as well as a derived process model in the form of a dependency model in order to optimally support courseware project teams in coordinating and synchronizing their project work. In addition to the models, comprehensive, ready-to-apply enactment support materials are provided, consisting of work sheets and document templates that include detailed activity descriptions and examples.
The evaluation of the IntView Method proved that the method together with the enactment support materials enables efficient as well as effective courseware development. The projects and case studies conducted in the context of this evaluation demonstrate that, on the one hand, the method is easily adaptable to the production of different kinds of courseware or to different project contexts, and, on the other hand, that it can be used efficiently and effectively.
A taxonomic revision of the genus Pteris in tropical Africa revealed 26 species. An identification key to the species is provided. Morphological characters were used to prepare a cladistic analysis of the relevant taxa. Each species was evaluated concerning the IUCN red list status. Only Pteris mkomaziensis was considered as Near Threatened, and all other species only as Least Concern. An inventory of the ferns of Kakamega Forest / Kenya and Budongo Forest / Uganda revealed 85 species in Kakamega and 66 species in Budongo. Life form spectra were analysed and the ferns were studied for their value for bioindication.